Compare And Contrast Social Class In 16th Century England

â€Å"Social class refers to a group of people within a society who possess roughly the same socioeconomic status.† (â€Å"Social Class†) Social class plays a major role in a society. A person’s social class affects his/her education, respectability, and ability to get a job. Most people in America’s society are born into their social class, but it is easier now to move up than it was in 16th century England. Although there are some slight differences in these two social classes, the social classes of 16th century England are shockingly similar to the social classes of modern day America. Specifically, the six social classes during the 16th century in England were Monarchy, Nobility, Gentry,†¦show more content†¦As for laborers, they were the lowest class in society (McKinney). This class was made up of beggars, artisans, carpenter, shoemakers, and brick masons (McKinney). Although the work that laborers did was an important piece in the society of 16th century England, they weren’t respected as if they accomplished anything (McKinney). As a result of these social classes, different ranks had designated attire that was regulated by Parliament (â€Å"Elizabethan Era†). Sumptuary laws regulated how extravagantly people of the various classes could dress (â€Å"Daily Life†). The wealthier classes indulged in meat while the lower classes ate eggs, bread, and dairy (â€Å"Daily Life†). None of the classes drank water due to impurity (â€Å"Daily Life†). Instead, they drank wine, flat beer, or weak ale (â€Å"Daily Life†). In the lower class, families were seen as working units (â€Å"Daily Life†). The son usually took after the father’s career (â€Å"Daily Life†). Wealthier families had enough money to pay servants to do work for them (â€Å"Daily Life†). These servants lived with the family (â€Å"Daily Life†). Quite similarly, the five levels of social class in the United States from highest to lowest are Top Fifth, Upper Middle, Lower Middle, and Bottom Fifth (â€Å"Class Matters†). Four commonly used factors to determine a person’s position in society are education, income, occupation, and wealth (â€Å"Class Matters†). Programs are implemented by the governmentShow MoreRelatedEssay Reveiw4144 Words   |  17 PagesAP Essay Review 17th Century Affairs 1. How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? a. Thesis: Rise of absolutism came at the expense of the medieval church, absolutism laid the foundation for the modern-nation state. Supporting Info: (main body) 1. German princes: Luther’s Reformation = more power for princes. 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As such the term is often used synonymously with â€Å"Standard pronunciation† orRead MoreLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesnot openly profess a liberal ideological orientation. Liberalism encompasses several intellectual trends and traditions, but the dominant variants are classical liberalism, which became popular in the eighteenth century, and social liberalism, which became popular in the twentieth century. Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most of the earlier theories of government, such as hereditary status

Solving Math Equations Module 4 - 616 Words

MAT101, SLP4 Revised March 2012 (Dr. Rensvold) A companys costs, in millions of dollars, are given by the equation, C = x2 3x 27, where x is the number of items sold, in thousands. What are the costs when 1,000 items are sold? 1,500 items? (Hint: If the number of items sold is 1000, then x=1. C = 12 3(1) 27 C = 1.52 - 3(1.5) - 27 = 1 -3 27 = 2.25 4.5 - 27 C = -29 C = -29.25 $29 million $29,250,000 A companys costs, in millions of dollars, are given by the equation, C = x2 3x 27, where x is the number of items sold, in thousands. How many items must be sold for the costs to be zero? 0 = x2 -3x 27 3  ± (-3)2 -4(1 x -27) / 2(1) 3  ± 9+108 / 2 3  ± 117 / 2 6.9 Approximately 6,900 items An objects height, in meters, when thrown vertically from the ground at a velocity of 80 m/s is given by the equation H = -4.9t2 + 80t. Ignoring wind resistance, what is the height of the ball after 2 seconds? 3 seconds? 10 seconds? H = -4.9(2)2 + 80(2) H = -4.9(3)2 + 80(3) H = -4.9(10)2 + 80(10) -4.9(4) + 160 -4.9(9) + 240 -4.9(100) + 800 -19.6 + 160 -44.1 + 240 -490 + 800 140.4 meters 195.9 meters 310 meters An objects height, in meters, when thrown vertically from the ground at a velocity of 80 m/s is given by the equation H = -4.9t2 + 80t. Ignoring wind resistance, how many seconds will it take the object to return to the ground? In other words, when is H = 0? 0 = -4.9t2 + 80t 0 = -4.9t + 80 -80 = -4.9t t = 16.326 seconds The distance d traveled by an objectShow MoreRelatedSensing The Environment : Student Created Water Quality Sensors4449 Words   |  18 Pages Abstract (250 words) The Student Enabled Network of Sensors for the Environment using Innovative Technology (SENSE IT) program provides an infrastructure and curricula for teachers and students to learn core science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) knowledge through building, testing, programming and deploying their own environmental sensor networks. 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After a 4-week intervention, both groups showed improvement, but those taught with the CRA group significantly outperformed those who hadRead MoreInstrumentation in Mathematics8559 Words   |  35 Pagesfor developing the basics mathemati cs skills of students with learning disabilities. Students were taught to solve algebraic equations using either a CRA approach or a traditional approach. The study involved 34 matched pairs of students in grades 6 and 7 who either had been diagnosed with learning disabilities or were categorized as at risk for learning problems. After a 4-week intervention, both groups showed improvement, but those taught with the CRA group significantly outperformed those who hadRead MoreDesign Of The Games For Primary School Children3416 Words   |  14 Pagesthe game. Also, the purpose of the game and how the purpose can be achieved are discussed here. These are presented under the following sub headings: 1. How are the games structured? 2. How are the games built? 3. 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Following Report Focuses On Hubbard Foods †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Following Report Focuses On Hubbard Foods? Answer: Introducation Hubbard foods Ltd is New Zealand based country that was established in the year 1990, it makes breakfast cereals. Previously the company was known as Winner foods. They offer a variety of food products and their range includes Muesli, Bran, fruit and oats. Hubbards food is a section under the brand name Hubbards. The company sold a variety of cereals like Fruitful breakfast, fruitful lite, Berry Berry Nice, clever clusters. The food products of Hubbards are sold throughout Australia. The company has evolved in years and has been offering various food products according to the taste and preference of the customers. They have a food line of Oven Baked Goodness that offers oven baked food products so that people who prefer oven baked food can consume it. They have many other products in another line called Sugar is gone where cereals and food products for diabetic patients are made. The company is catering the needs of all the kinds of customers and the different preferences of their cu stomers (Hubbards.co.nz. (2017). External environmental analysis of Hubbards Political environment The political environment of consists of the political factors that affect the firm Hubbards food. The instability in the government is not good for the market in general because with the change in the Government the policies will also change. Some policies and regulations might in favor of the company and some might not be favorable for the companies. Food industry is one such industry that faces too much obligations from food safety and security. New Zealand is a country where people of mixed culture are living, the taste of the people changes from country to country so there might be people that will not choose to eat cereals as breakfast. A wide range of food options are available in the country so there are chances that people keep exploring other food options. Economic factors The high-income group in New Zealand is opting for readymade food and cereals products. The range of readymade breakfast that are of lesser price are opted by people with low-income group and the cereals that are of higher prices are offered. The high-income group is increasing and people are searching for other better products irrespective of the price that are offered to the customers (Harris and Gibb 2016). Social factors People are becoming more health conscious regarding the food products they choose to eat. This particular fact is working in favor the brand because it is selling healthy fibrous breakfast cereals. The trend towards picking eating options is changing, as people are preferring to consume meals that take very less time for preparation, this is also one reason that the cereals like Oats and Muesli are mostly preferred by the customers. The young generations mostly like to eat fast foods and hence they do not prefer to eat cereals in breakfast. Many people do not prefer to eat cereals, they like to eat bacons, eggs and fishes in breakfast, there are chances that those people will not opt for consuming cereals (Armstrong et al. 2015). Technological factors The manufacturing techniques used by the firm for processing of the cereals are very important for the customers for their health safety. The people mostly choose online portals that provide readymade food and home delivery. Home delivery apps that deliver readymade food affects the food business industry in general especially the raw food materials because then the sales of raw food is not demanded (Oziomek and Hubbard 2016). Legal factors The regulations by food safety organizations are putting too much pressure for the firms to manufacture and process quality food products. There are many ingredients that are prohibited and their inclusions are restricted, for this purpose there is too much scrutiny from the quality standards because the nutrient contents have to be adhered as most of the companies do not fail to adhere to the nutrient contents (Rich 2016). Environmental factors The use of pesticides in the crops, these pesticides contains harmful chemicals that affect these also have health hazards (Rich 2016). Recommendations In order to take up the diversification the company needs to take up strategies : They need to expand their business in other countries as well, so that the business can grow. They can partner with the big supermarkets where they can offer their food products and increase their customer base. They should collaborate with Woolworths and Coles. They can bring diversity in their food product ranges by adding more cereals and other breakfast options. They can make healthy and tasty breakfast options so that the children and the young people start consuming the breakfast cereals of the company. Marketing strategies are very important for the company; they have to communicate their value for their customers so that all people can get awareness about the benefits of eating healthy food products like. They can give interesting advertisements in newspapers and televisions especially in the channels that are seen by the children so that they get attracted towards the products of Hubbards food. They should promote their breakfast options by going to the schools and selling t heir breakfast to children. Product innovation is the most important thing that the brand needs to do now. They should include ingredients that are liked by children the most because they can be the potential customers the brand successfully creates a position in their minds, for that chocolate, banana and other flavors that are liked by children should be used more. They should not restrict to cereals rather they should diversify their product ranges and include healthy drinks and juices. They should offer discounts and offers for their customers and toys as well for the children so that they will become the consumers of the company (Mowat 2014). References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Harris, C. and Gibb, J., 2016. Strategies to Prepare and Plan for Market Shocks: A Study from New Zealand Businesses.Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability,12(1), p.77. Hubbards.co.nz. 2017.Hubbards. [online] Available at: https://www.hubbards.co.nz/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Mowat, A.D., 2014, August. Market oriented assessment of the environmental impact of the New Zealand kiwifruit value chain. InXXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1112(pp. 439-446). Oziomek, T. and Hubbard, M., Perdue Foods Llc, 2016.Food product packaging with a handle and methods for making the same. U.S. Patent 9,242,765. Rich, K., 2016. Comment on:'Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets' by Luiten et al.Public health nutrition,19(3), p.564.

 Michael Dell and Andy Groves Contribution to Computer Essay Example

ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Michael Dell and Andy Groves Contribution to Computer Essay Management style was examined in the manner two industry leaders run a company that competes against each other, Michael Dell, founder of Dell Computer Corporation and Andy Grove, co founder of Intel Corporation. (Krames, J. A. 2003). This paper studies both leaders’ unique contribution to the computer technology industry and the contrasted personal beliefs and leadership styles they exhibited on their way to success. Dell‘s high performance management predominantly lies in customizing consumer’s needs. Intel’s Andy Grove on the other hand is known for his common sense wisdom capitalizing on strategic approach. After comparing and contrasting the leadership pattern of Dell and Gove, factors contributing to one’s success suggest that outcomes may differ or vary depending on the management strategy one employs to gain success. Who are Michael Dell and Andy Grove and what did they do? Michael Saul Dell was born in Houston, Texas with middle class parents. His father was an orthodontist while his mother was involved in stock trading and consulting. His early business acumen started during his college days selling computer drives in his dorm customizing these to the customer specifications. Before long, he registered his small business with an initial capitalization of $1,000 and soon embarked in supplying custom made PCs. He would purchase unsold IBM PCs; improve the memory drives, and turnaround selling them at a cost below his competitors. He took his company public in 1988 with $30 million initial public offering. His business soon reached global market and by 1992, at age 27, he became the youngest CEO to be included in the Fortune 500. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Michael Dell and Andy Groves Contribution to Computer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Michael Dell and Andy Groves Contribution to Computer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Michael Dell and Andy Groves Contribution to Computer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His wealth is estimated at $15. 5 billion. Andy Grove. Born a Hungarian Jew as Andras Istvan Grof, Andy fled to the United States at age 20 to escape the Nazis in World War II. He worked his way to college and finished an Engineering degree at the University of California. He cofounded a small high-tech computer company, Intel. Over his three-decade career, his ideas and innovation fueled the birth of micro chips and micro processors which later on became part of the IBM computers and those of IBM competitors. For his invaluable contribution in pioneering an integral part of the semiconductor industry, CEO Magazine named him the CEO of the Year in 1997 (Tedlow, R. S. 2006) and Time magazine named him Man of the Year for creating innovative potential of micro chips (Krames, J. A. 2003). Resistance in the process of managing the establishment In the process of climbing back to their success, Dell and Grove experienced â€Å"strategic inflection points† (Krames, J. A. 2003) where their businesses have to make major changes to survive in a competitive environment. With Dell, it was a change in customer preference but still maintaining a personal customer service approach. With Grove, it was a change in business strategy which became a laborious and expensive approach due to the unpredictability of market acceptance of a new product. Similarities and differences in management style and philosophy Similarities. Both were enigmatic business leaders and risk takers defying conventional business practices with their fascinating methods of turning around a falling company into a successful one. As entrepreneurs in a highly technical business, they were both fascinated with computers and went on to pioneer special segments of the computer industry leaving a legacy and enormous contribution to the evolution of computers we have today. Differences. Dell is focused on customer added value, constantly maintaining contact, customer needs to the extent of personalizing his marketing service. He concentrated on building a company that caters to custom made PCs rather than over the counter computers and direct sales rather than going through the middlemen. He made use of internet marketing. He also practiced Deming’s â€Å"just-in-time† operations with practically zero inventory level giving him an edge over his competitors over keeping a low overhead. Grove’s market approach was leveraging on executing a carefully laid out plan and strategizing product or market changes. He believes in creating a superior product that would change as technology changes. He believes that the foundation of Intel’s success is built on technology, manufacturing, and marketing, a strategy he named three-legged stool. His mantra is instilling a dose of paranoia to keep employees on their toes. Grove asked his business partners, â€Å"What would another CEO do if he were to walk into this organization? † (Krames, J. A. 2003). It is about the insight of a person’s view looking in to get an independent perspective of Intel. This proved to be one of Grove’s most successful decisions although at the same time a difficult one as it would have meant abandoning their premier product and introducing a new one. Concluding Discussion Factors that may have impacted their success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Make critical decision and start the process of transformation; three-legged stool equally grounded; technology, manufacturing, and marketing – should have incorporated research Grove References Academy of Achievement.

Frankensteins determination Essay Example

Frankensteins determination Essay Example Frankensteins determination Essay Frankensteins determination Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein This shows Frankensteins love of science, and he uses a good metaphor to describe his feelings towards the above mentioned scientists they were his gods and he was their disciple. This inspires Victor to go on to become a great doctor and physicist, studying at a university in Ingolstadt. It is here that Victors passions for learning the secrets of nature are revealed. These authors were not regarded as serious scientists in Victors world, and were shunned by his father, who dismissed them as sad trash, yet Frankensteins determination overruled this and he continued to learn more and more each day. If it werent for these books, which were only read because of a flash of lightning, Victor would never have had a passion for science and would not have created the being in this novel, which means that the entire purpose of the novel can be traced back to a single bolt of lightning a marvel of nature to young Frankensteins eyes. This part of the book shows Victors enthusiasm for what is still merely a harmless game, I had gazed upon the fortifications and impediments that seemed to keep human beings from entering the citadel of nature, and rashly and ignorantly I had repined. : It is preparing the reader for what is to come, but the sheer volume of Victors interest is unstoppable and quite disturbing for a child of his age. The novel is set at a time when science was of ever-growing importance, and this scared many people. Theories were appearing which people did not understand, which went against everything they had assumed to happen in the world. People were finding out that all is not as it seems, and as more and more of the scientific world unfolded to society, the more and more people wanted to find. Some were obsessed with science, striving to find out new things, which only set people unnerved. They thought science would take the place of nature, but this novel goes to show that this is not true instead, they can only work together, and as the importance of science grows, so does the importance of nature, especially in this novel. Frankenstein proves that science and nature can both work together in society, and shows how important they are in todays communities. At the time it was written, just after the French Revolution, people were also obsessed with romanticism and Gothicism. This novel incorporates both of these, by dealing with the social issues of poverty, unemployment and violence. It appealed to readers in Mary Shelleys society, as well as our own today, and opened eyes to the dangers of society and the wonders of nature. The story of Frankenstein is about a man who creates something that meddles with the course of nature, and nature comes back to mess with him, which just goes to show the power of nature. It presents nature as both beautiful and destructive at the same time. It shows that there is more to this world than meets the eye, and that all things are not either good or bad, it simply depends on how you use them. It reflects on Mary Shelleys social background, suggesting that she wanted to try and change the world, or at least warn them of the consequences of certain actions, which are even more important now than ever. The book is very successful in both horrifying the reader, but also in discerning the dangers of interfering with the most powerful force in the world nature.

Politically Correct essays

Politically Correct essays For some reason it seems so true. The truth in the statement you never know what you have until you do not have it anymore is so over-powering. It almost turns around to just slap you in the face. When you have what you never knew meant so much you always wonder why it is there, and sometimes you even start to ponder over its existence. When these times occur you have to stop and look the world in the eyes to see the differences that portray themselves as being politically correct. As for being politically correct. Only politics can truly be politically correct. If you just look at the word politically, it in itself states politics. Therefore does that not mean that it pertains solely to politics? If politically correct simply sticks with the political state then should so many people use it within papers like this one? No! They should not because a paper of this standard has nothing to do with politics. Politics have a lot of meaning in society, although most of politics are one hundred percent bullshit anyway. (pardon my French) With this in mind we must search the meaning of government. The governmental party is full of lazy academically successful people that have nothing better to do then sit around in an oval office trying desperately to find a corner. Seriously the government is most likely hurting everyone more then helping us. What is the current national debt of the United States of America? That is right another pathetic rhetorical question. While the government is in their little oval office sitting in their measly made up corners they ask each other these pathetic rhetorical questions hoping to find a solution to the problems of the world. Terrorism is being solved with this genius attack of action. While the government tries to comfort us about how they are sending all the soldiers we have to fight against terroris ...

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example A study conducted by UNCTAD (2006) shows that 17 percent of the FDI in the world comprise South-North and South-South flows and of this the cross-border acquisitions occupy a significant proportion. This project would look into the cross border acquisitions with an insight into the reasons driving the acquisitions and influential factors impacting such acquisitions. Factors motivating cross border acquisition Various theories have been developed that explain the significance of the mergers and acquisitions. According to Efficiency theories the main motive behind such deals is to exploit the benefits arising out of synergies or economies of scale. Market power theories highlight that acquisitions lead to oligopoly benefits. Agency theories state that the acquisition and acquisition deals mitigate agency problems like removing the inefficient managerial staff. This theory also states that it may also give rise to agency problems such as imprudent managerial decisions solely guided by t he motive of empire building. Besides this the acquisition deals are also guided by the advantages arising from the ‘benefits of diversification’. Though there is no single theory on mergers and acquisitions however these theories have garnered empirical support. Studies have shown that the shareholders of the target firm benefit the most in such deals whereas the shareholders of the bidder firm do not derive any immediate benefit from the deal. The abnormal return that that the bidders can enjoy is either slightly negative or zero. The combined return of the bidder-target firm is found to be universally positive indicating that the acquisition deals lead to value creation. It has also been seen that the stock price of the target firms’ exhibit higher returns in the case of cash offers as compared to the stock offers; hostile takeovers as compared to friendly takeovers; and multiple bidder as compared to contests by single bidders (Gregoriou & Neuhauser, 2007, p. 1). The success associated with the M&A deals has eluded many corporations. Marks & Mirvis (1998) state that the failure rates of such deals is around 50 to 75 percent. Despite the uncertainties associated with the deal the acquisition and acquisition deals are on the rise. The various benefits arising out of the deal include managerial synergies, cost synergies, market synergies etc. The sources of synergies include consolidated purchases, production, administration, marketing, market power, cross-selling, acquisition of technical expertise, patent, knowhow of the target, market expansion etc. In the horizontal acquisitions that involve integration of two companies belonging to the same sector the main motive is gaining market share of the target firm. This happens in the case of matured industries where the opportunities of growth are nearly exhausted, presence of excess capacity etc. Horizontal acquisitions result in enhanced revenue, savings in cost and better growth opportunit ies (Hitchner, 2006, p.106). The acquiring firm also gets a control over the customer base of the target firm thereby raising the total revenue base of the bidder firm.

Iatrogenics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Iatrogenics - Research Paper Example The term Iatrogenic is defined as â€Å"induced in patient by physician’s actions, manner and therapy†. This term is specifically used to describe complications or adverse effects medical advice or treatment. Similarly, a pathological variation leading to detrimental consequences in a patient’s health caused by inappropriate practice of health care professionals is regarded as iatrogenic condition. According to WHO, iatrogenic disease may be defined as adverse drug reactions or complications induced by non drug medical interventions. Darchy et al., (1998) defined it, as a disease stimulated by drug prescribed by the doctor after a medical or surgical procedure. Health care associated or hospital acquired infections are a global problem. Iatrogenic frequently leads to severe complications and may require increased use of health care resources and medication, laboratory testing and prolonged duration of hospitalization. Health care personnel targets disease or risk factors for a future ailments by examining, diagnosing and prescribing a procedure for therapy. Most often, the objective of the caregiver is to prevent an ailment however, most of the effective therapies have side effects. Therefore, a dispute remains whether the benefits outweigh the harm. Initially, the focal point of iatrogenic infections is actions or inactions in terms of services of health care professionals such as physicians, pharmacists, therapists, nurses, psychologist etc. Also, the service environment of a hospital may be basis of iatrogenic (White, MA and Kleber, 2008). The estimated deaths caused by iatrogenic illness are 250,000 that make it third largest causes of deaths in U.S. (White, MA and Kleber, 2008). It costs about 6 billion pounds each year in United Kingdom for compensation (one tenth of NHS budget). History: Word iatrogenic is derived from â€Å"Iatros† a Greek word meaning brought forth by healer. Iatrogenic history can be traced back to 1800 s, when prior to implementation of aseptic techniques (hand washing and use of sterile gloves) thousands of women died due to puerperal fever; an infectious disease that was transferred between patients following delivery. Likewise, many soldiers that were injured in civil war died due to infections caused by health care personal in hospital tents. Later in 1847, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis introduced the concept of hand washing prior to patient handling which dramatically dropped the rate of infections caused by physicians. In modern medical times, in the presence of several aseptic techniques the incidence of infection caused by health care professionals is considerably reduced however, still it is regarded as a major issue in medical science (Cina and Perper, 2010). Presentations: Iatrogenic harm caused from errors in diagnosis can be broadly divided into three types: false positive results (diagnosing a disease/disorder in a individual who does not have one), false negatives (mis-diagnosi ng a disease/disorder in an individual or misjudging the severity of a disease/disorder) and failure to respond and execute to a long term treatment or recovery in a disease. It is a result of procedures or therapeutic treatments or diagnostic examinations. Most of the iatrogenic conditions become clinically evident during the hospital stay however, the infections caused

Poetry essay Essay Example for Free

Poetry essay Essay ?How does Owen Sheers use language, form and structure to explore ideas about separation and division in ‘Winter Swans’? The Poem ‘Winter Swans’ seems to convey a strong theme of natural love. The poem begins with setting a scene of a peaceful day, where nature seems to be stilled after the torrential weather that is referred to in the first line through ‘The clouds had given their all. ’ It goes on to say that there was then a ‘break’, and throughout the poem the poet uses words such as ‘silent’ and ‘rolling’, ‘stilling’ and ‘slow-stepping’ to capture this scene of peace and serenity, as if the world was resting after being thrashed about by a storm. With the idea of a natural love, there comes the confusion and the inartificial knowledge that love is not materialistic, a feeling and something that can not be brought on by force. Through all natural love stories come feelings of hurt and division. A separation that brings the subjects closer and strengthens the emotion. Sheers uses the theme of leaving, and then returning, or rage, and then peace, or the unknown, and then the known to reoccur throughout the poem, eventually strengthening the love, which could be argued as the main emotion of the poem. The poet also uses imagery such as ‘lakes and ‘swans’, to symbolise the peacefulness, and also to symbolise love. You notice words that show the subject is not alone, with ‘we’ and ‘our’. These words and also the motion of the swans, the lake, and the peacefulness are foreshadowing that the poem will take a turning onto love that is more literate. However I don’t think that the poems theme is so much about love in particular, but about a natural love, a natural pull that brings two people together even after hard times. Sheer’s uses Swans as a metaphor of love, the way swans will smoothly dip in and out of the water, and how they are known to curve towards and away from each other as if dancing on ice. They are the perfect example to show the way love will draw away and then come back. He uses vocabulary ranging from ‘silent’ and ‘rolling’ to ‘righting’ and ‘rough’ to show the separation and how quickly the emotions get confused, and how quickly compassion will turn into anger, and vice versa. The poem begins referring to this in the first stanza with weather, as raging storm. And then a ‘break’. The poet then adds on ‘in which we walked’, showing possibly that the subject and whoever they are with also went through a hard time, but are now peaceful along with the nature. In the fourth stanza it describes the swans ‘halving themselves’ in the ‘dark water’, to portray a hard time, but then ‘returning again like boats righting in rough weather’ It then moves onto the poems only piece of speech, â€Å"they mate for life. † Which rounds off the conclusion of the theme of the poem, that although there are hard times, they will always be pulled back together. The poem then shows this also applies for the people, as at the beginning of the poem it describes them as being ‘silent and apart’, but right at the end it shows them holding hands, symbolising how they are together. The poem’s theme is concluded with comparing them to a ‘pair of wings settling after flight’, to show that finally, the emotion has strengthened, and they can settle after the confusion and separation.

The Harrapan Civilization Essay -- essays papers

The Harrapan Civilization The Indus Valley, or Harrapan, civilization was discovered in 1920-21 when engraved seals were discovered near present-day Sahiwal in Pakistani Punjab at a place called Harappa. Excavations at Mohenjodaro in Sind discovered the buried remains of a civilization with a pictographic script. The Harappans first settled sites along the Indus River. This civilization extended to the Yamuna along the bed of the river Ghaggar in Rajhastan, Gujrat and up to the mouths of the rivers Narbada and Tapati. The Harappan culture extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. Most of the major sites of this civilization are in Pakistan. In fact it is in Pakistan that an earlier phase of it has also been unearthed. This happened between 1955-57 when a Pakistani archaeologist, F.A.Khan, discovered a town of the pre-Indus period 3300 to 2800 BC at Kot Diji in Khairpur, Sind. Such sites were also discovered by Rafique Mughal in Bahawalpur, in the Cholistan desert, extending the area of this culture to the whole of southern Pakistan. The first appearance of this civilization was the early Harappan/Ravi Phase. This Ravi Phase, named after the nearby Ravi River, lasted from approximately 3300 BC, or even 3500 BC, to 2800 BC. This phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra river valley to the west, and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800 -2600 BC), named after a site in northern Sindh near Mohenjo-daro. I...

A Sorrowful Woman

Gail Godwin beckons a woman to know herself as a woman and not as mere in a relation to other in her much thought provoking story, â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman†.Michael Meyer said that, † Goodwin selects several key events that e place over a period of year to show us the slow decline of the Woman in her role as wife and mother.†(geocities.com, online).Marriage calls upon woman to obey and serve as a traditional good wife and mother but at the cost of her individuality, which made our protagonist to take life on a very pessimist note. We find woman in a â€Å"Sorrowful Woman† as totally tired of her relationship as a mother, a wife and of her life. Godwin says,   â€Å"The sight of them made her so sad and sick she did not want to ever see them again† (Gail, 35).This story was initially titles â€Å"Sorrowful Mother†, as whose obsession of motherhood was putting question on her individuality. But it is not a story of only mother but the question o f independent identity and individuality of all women. This dilemma brought them onto the verge of depression and ultimately their downfall. Therefore it is not the Sorrowful mother but A Sorrowful Woman.WORKS CITED Godwin, Gail. â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† in Dream Children. Ballantine Books, 1996. Micheal Meyer, A Plot, Sorrowful Woman, Online, 22th May 2008 Available at http://www.geocities.com/davidjohntoth/102/plot.html  

Econometrics

People management at the Seafood Restaurant, Potato's. Background From a humble beginning, Rick and Jill Stein established a small seafood restaurant on the harbor side in Potato's in 1975. The business has expanded to include a number of different food establishments at different price points which appeal to a wide client group, with all but one of the sites based in Potato's.The reputation of the business for quality of food and service, coupled with Rick's high profile TV appearances, have ensured Patriots place on the map in respect of ‘destination inning. Culture Rick and Jill remain at the head of the business and, with no external shareholders, retain a strong, personal position in terms of the culture and development of the business. More recently, their son Jack who is only 33 has been appointed as Executive Chef.As with many owner-led organizations, the culture of the organization continues to reflect the tolerant, generous, family-spirited ethos of the initial, much smaller business. With expansion and increasing headcount, this culture can however become tested and more challenging to maintain. There is a deed to develop some policies in order to ensure a degree of consistency in how people are managed and set out the behaviors that are expected from employees of all levels in the course of their work. This needs to be achieved in such a way that the culture of the business is retained.Staffing needs and employee constituent Staffing needs reflect the seasonal peaks and troughs of the restaurant business: in the busy season, weekly takings will be six times takings in the quieter season. Headcount needs to rise and fall accordingly. The seasonal maximum headcount is just under 400 employees, with a requirement around 100 less employees out of season. This reduction is achieved through ‘natural wastage' as many of the seasonal employees are either students or non-students who return year on year to the business also specifically to work i n the busy season.Therefore, whilst 1 50 leavers per annum appears at first to be very high level of staff turnover, this is typical for the hospitality industry and very much fits the needs of those workers who Join, leave, and often return the following year. Reflecting the high numbers of students who ark seasonally, the age profile of the business is young: 40% of employees are under 24 years of age. The growth of the business has meant that, for those who Join initially as seasonal workers and then express an interest in a longer-term role with the business, this is often possible.The business is able to recruit new employees as required without the use of recruitment agencies thereby avoiding costly agency fees. The business remained highly profitable through the recession however a number of cost factors led to a reduced profit forecast for 2012: these included capital investment, a programmer of upgrading premises and food and fuel inflation. Additionally, the payroll of the business had increased over time to reflect the growth of the business. In effect, it appears there was no development plan per SE.Rick Stein is quoted as saying: Little did Jill and I know when we opened a small seafood bistro on the harbor side in Potato's in 1975 with red checked tablecloths and candles in verdict bottles that the business would grow into four restaurants, 40 bedrooms, 3 shops, a cookery school and a pub. We did not have a Master plan. It Just happened†¦ E Just wanted people to stay here for a little while knowing they could eat differently everyday†¦ Despite the unstructured approach to business development plans, turnover among permanent staff is low, and the owners are keen to reward employees with a yearly increment.As passing on the increased costs to customers would have been counterproductive, the logical approach was to consider operational costs and to rethink staffing. In many organizations, this would involve potential redundancies. Rick and Jill did not want to make any employee redundant, and so the HRS function et about considering other approaches to making reductions in payroll expenditure. Location and community Relations with the local, close-knit community are very important to the business which is a major employer in the area.Further expansion could include opening restaurants in other locations: this would bring a fresh set of challenges to the business, not least in respect of people management. Additional information: 1 . Organizational structure 2. Map of Potato's showing names and locations of Rick and Jill Stein's businesses Task; For each question below, you should show that you have considered theoretical respective, legal requirements, commercial needs and potential responses from the workforce to come up with balanced solutions and demonstrate that you are aware of any associated risks. Assignment questions: 1 .Identify the current strategic approach to managing people in this organization taking in to account advantages and disadvantages. Your answer should include a discussion of how this strategic approach is likely to impact on operational people management issues (for example, recruitment, performance management, staff benefits, absence management, discipline and grievance). If any changes are squired, which approach would you recommend? 2. With the expansion of the business, it has been prudent to consider the development of some policies in order to ensure a degree of consistency in how 2. Which people management policy would you recommend is implemented as the highest priority in the business? 2. 2 Justify your recommendation. 2. 3 Outline the aims and key elements of the policy. 2. 4 Discuss how you would implement this policy: consider how you would ensure managers and employees ‘buy in' to the policy and identify any potential resistance. 3. At the Seafood Restaurant, Rick and Jill did not want to make any employee attendant, and so the HRS function set about c onsidering other approaches to making reductions in payroll expenditure. . 1 Discuss the benefits to the business of avoiding redundancies. 3. 2 Discuss the possible approaches to reducing payroll expenditure; consider the merits and drawbacks of each approach and identify which you would recommend. 4. Potato's has been home to the Seafood Restaurant for a considerable length of time and expansion has occurred within the locality. If the business were to expand to another location, what would be the people management considerations in respect of: 4. Recruitment 4. 2 Employee communication 4. Consistency of culture across the business Assignment 1: Assessment Criteria Criteria Excellent Very good Could be better Marks available Theoretical knowledge and critical understanding 30 Evidence of a critical understanding of relevant theories, models and frameworks that inform the situation described by the case study Demonstrates clear understanding of key arguments, debates and contempora ry issues/ideas relating to people management Work is informed by clear reference to appropriate literature Application of theoretical knowledge/research to practicePerspectives, arguments, models and frameworks from the literature are clearly applied to the case study scenario Issues of practical and, where relevant, strategic importance for the organization are clearly identified and addressed Practices described in the case study are critically analyses and evaluated through the use and application of relevant academic literature Written Communication and Presentation Referencing/citations follow Harvard protocol Work is written clearly, using appropriate style and language Spelling, grammar and layout are to a professional standardMaterial is clearly and effectively organized to provide a highly structured, logical and coherent set of arguments Conclusions and recommendations follow logically and are realistic in the context of the scenario Format requirements Please see below A SSIGNMENT 2: REFLECTIVE JOURNAL Individual reflective Journal (30%): You must also produce an individual personal and reflective Journal, which demonstrates that you understand the role and value of reflection for individual development. You should also consider what you have learned on the module, and how it builds on your previous knowledge and experience.You must demonstrate through your reflections how and what you are learning on the module, and reflect on how your skills, ideas and attitudes to people management are developing. This will include identifying any gaps in your existing knowledge or skills and how you plan to work to develop them. You will be encouraged to reflect on a weekly basis and to produce regular entries in your journal enabling you to build this assignment as the module progresses. Your completed Journal is likely to be approximately 1500 words in length.Task You are required to reflect on the learning on this module and produce a Journal. This should be written in report format critically reflecting on what you have learnt and identifying areas of development. Details Final report- word Count: 1 500 words (minus daily logs). The deadlines- see above: This is an individual assignment. Your work should contain: 1 . A clear introduction, introducing the report and your ideas about people management, with a brief comment on your knowledge and skills in relation to this. 2. A brief discussion of your skills at the beginning of the module to include: a.Your views of your own strengths and weaknesses as a potential manager working with people. B. How you will use your opportunities to minimize/overcome weaknesses and potential threats c. Remember to identify development areas. 3. You need to have a section on what you learnt from the module in terms of skills/ knowledge and perhaps how yourself concept has been challenged as a result of participating in activities on the module. A. In addition, you will need to identify consequences of yo ur learning for the future. B. What does this learning mean for your career development? Has it got any relevance? . Evidence of action planning for future development. An indication of short/ tedium/long-term development plan is essential. It is important that you also comment on how you will work on your weaknesses and your measures of success. 5. Regular entries reflecting on your learning on the module. You should aim to reflect on each day/ on a daily basis, either on the Lecture content or seminar activities, and need to have at least 8 in addition to your introduction and conclusion (Weekly Reflective logs must be put in the appendices as evidence to support contents of your report). 6.A complete list of references used Assignment 2: Assessment Criteria Assessment Criteria: DOD Missing Demonstration of your ability to use reflective writing to: 1. Create a focus for your learning 2. Describe and evaluate your learning 3. Make sense of your learning experiences 4. Demonstrate an understanding of the value of reflection Applying your learning 1 . Identify consequences of your learning for the future 2. Application of learning experiences to your personal/professional development 3. Evidence of action planning for future development Structure and presentation 20 1 .

Fido Essays - Animal Welfare, Dogs, Dog Licence, Dog, Bo, Dog Park

Fido Essays - Animal Welfare, Dogs, Dog Licence, Dog, Bo, Dog Park Fido I think the selling of all those dogs' licensees is great it?s a great sign of people who have decided to take on a new member to their family. I think all the licenses sold will increase I just hope all the people that are getting dogs are doing for Love and not fighting. The license program also paid for a one time deal was people could get there dogs Fixed for free or semi free throw the sale of Dog licenses But like every thing else it fell throw. The state said they have a new law witch reconstituted this law. I think this would be great as for it will control the rising level of animals that are being left out in the weather and give people a sense of mind that if they leave there dog out side for the day that 6-8 weeks there wont be a little spares in the Dogs bed Called Puppies. The increase in sales does show more caring and responsible owners are up and coming a may be soon their wont be a need for pounds to control unwanted animals. I hope that there will be more wide spread sales as forth this is a good sign that the Dogs are being (loved) by someone, somewhere, somehow. I also think that there should be a fee that owes should pay once every two or three years called save a friend where a $20 $50 donation is required of course some people should be exempted (Older People) from this fee as forth they are scraping by as it is and This Fee is to help people like them pay for the medical bills of the Dogs. This System I believe would help there Older members get my animals an not have to worry about the paying the doctors bill as forth it?s paid for. I also think that veterinarians should be required to donate so many hours of service to practice this skill in Conn. as forth this will also help Pets and there owners. One problem with modern Dog owner is the fact that they think once they get the licensees now they think that they have to bring the Dog every time something minor goes on and there aff! irmed to pay the doctors bill. This people don?t realize that program like this not only controls the animal but helps the owner and fellow Dog owners as forth the money they pay will go into free aid for this animals and come back in some retribution to the owner. The real Dog owners don?t worry about the medical Bills the cost of Dog food ,etc. all?s worry about is how is Fido. This is my view of the Dog licenses

Free sample - Education is not a Fundamental. translation missing

Education is not a Fundamental. Education is not a FundamentalThe   federal constitution of the united states of America doesn’t give a right to free Education to its citizens. This right is found in the constitutions of the various states. The states have put provisions in their constitution which   guarantee   free Education through the twelfth grade (Armor, 1995). This provision is popularly referred to as the Education article. This is evidenced in the ruling of the   case San   Antonio Independent School   District v Rodriguez , 411 U.S. 1 in the year 1973. In this case, the united sates supreme court reversed a Texas three - judge District court. In a case instigated in the federal district court for the western District of Texas , where   members of a group called the Edgewood Concerned Parent Association representing   their children   sued several school Districts such as San Antonio,   the judge contented that Education was a fundamental right. The verdict said that Education wa s a fundamental right and therefore discouraged discrimination on the bases of poverty. The parents had claims that the District of Edgewood was poor with a low tax base as compared to other Districts ( Armor, 1995). The case advanced through the legal system up to the supreme court but now with the Texas state as the defendant. The case reached the Supreme court in 1972 with a new set of judges being appointed to listen to it. Justice Lewis Powell actually acted as the swing vote in the case (Armor, 1995). The Verdict in part stated that Education was neither explicitly nor implicitly protected in the constitution and that the state of Texas which was the defendant in the case had failed to create a suspect class related to poverty. The court therefore held that Education was not a fundamental right under the U.S. constitution and therefore leaving it upon the states to determine all matters pertaining Education in their areas of jurisdiction. The supreme court also doesn’t explicitly empower congress to legislate on the subject of Education. This means that most federal education legislation falls under the spending clause of the constitution. This is a clause which empowers congress to tax as well as spend for the general welfare. The constitution however gives stipulations as far as the provision is concerned. It requires   that the provision has to be consistent with other constitutional rights provided by the federal government. These include the fourteenth Amendment’s right to protection under the law and the first Amendments right to the free exercise of, as well as the non establishment of a religion. Through this stipulation, the federal government   ensures a provision free of racial segregation and other forms of discrimination. Reference   Armor, D. (1995). Forced Justice : School Desegregation and the Law. New York : Oxford University Press.

Destination Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Destination Development - Essay Example TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Emergence of Destination Development 4 3. Concepts & Approaches 5 a. Stage of Development 6 b. Approach to Destination Management 7 c. System of Governance 7 d. Research Undertakings/Application of Research 8 e. Tourism Policy & Planning 9 f. Stakeholders 9 g. Forms of Tourism 10 h. Application of Sustainability Indicators 11 i. Competition And Collaboration 12 j. Destination Marketing 12 k. Tourism Trends 12 4. Findings 13 5. Conclusion 13 6. References 15 1. Introduction The recent surveys by the tourism department of France have clarified the fact that Paris is one of the most preferred travel destinations in the world. The city receives about 27 million visitors every year. Among them 17 million are international visitors. If the visitors in the surrounding regions are included then the number would read 44 million (Staab et al, 2002). There are about 3800 historical monuments in Paris and the surrounding areas along with four UNESCO World H eritage Sites. Furthermore, there are several famous attractions available in Paris, which include Eiffel Tower, Champs-Elysees, Notre Dame de Paris, the Louvre, Basilique du Sacre-C?ur, Pompidou Centre, Arc de Triomphe and Musee d'Orsay. In Paris, many forms of public transportation are available, which include metro, bus and boats (Heath, 2002). Though there is evidence of Paris receiving the lowest level of rainfall in France, there are chances that tourists can experience some unexpected rainfall throughout the year. Hence, it’s evident that destination development pertaining to Paris will go a long way in making Paris even more tourist-friendly and popular in the coming years. 2. Emergence of Destination Development It is not possible for a destination to promote experiences and products that are not available. Destination development is a continuous process in which development and coordination of products, services, facilities and amenities take place (Poon, 1993). The continuous development helps enhancing the quality of experience of the tourists and visitors. Destination development is an important process in order to implement tourism management. In this process, the destination managers and stakeholders play an important role in prioritizing the strategies and plans which were developed during the destination planning process. It is important to inform the destination development process by the process of situation analysis and in the process planning phase (Crouch & Ritchie, 1999). The destination performance process needs to be monitored against the KPI’s that are clearly depicted and the tourism industry in Paris also follows the same (Staab et al, 2002). Beech and Chadwick (2006, p. 23) state ‘An important factor to take into account is the spatial dimensions of tourism. Any basic understanding of tourism shows a requirement for travel and, hence, consumption away from home where goods and services are usually purchased and used. Leiper’s (1979) landmark work usefully explains this difference by proposing three different ‘geographies’ or spatial components: (i) tourism in the generating or home region of the traveler; (ii) tourism at the destination region; and (iii) the transit routes – the ‘area’ or supply of travel and transport facilities between the two regions. While all three are naturally highly interconnected in terms of an individual’s trip, each of these ‘

Agree1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Agree1 - Essay Example Most of the learning for a nurse about such situations and the decisions they entail takes place only on the job. The profession of nursing is very challenging and demanding emotionally, psychologically, and often physically also because a nurse is faced with new types of situations every day. Nurses frequently need to refer to the nursing code of ethics to make informed decisions in all the different sorts of situations. The choices and decisions nurses make can make or take someone’s life, so it is critically important that nurses stay updated on the nursing code of ethics and try to memorize it as much as they can. The ethical environment of a workplace is shaped by the challenges faced therein every day (American Nurses Association, 2010). So nurses should listen to the opinions and suggestions of the patients and their family members, but try to convince them with better alternatives based on their knowledge of the nursing code of

Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components Essay

Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components - Essay Example Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components Furthermore, it makes sure that financial statements reflect acrual basia of accounting. Adjusting entries are necessary because a single transaction may affect revenues or expenses in more than one accounting period and also because all transactions have not necessarily been documented during the period. The determination of an objective net income as well as the correct balances on the Balance Sheet. There are two types of adjusting entries the deferrals or the prepayments and the accruals. They are further categorized into four types of adjusting entries which includes accrued revenues, prepaid revenues, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. Accrued revenues which are also referred to as accrued assets refers to revenues whichhave already been earned but have not been paid for and thus have not been posted in the general ledger. These are adjusted in the financial statements by debiting the asset accounts recievable and crediting the the relevant revenue account. An example of ac crued revenue may occur when an architecutral firm offers consultancy services of $ 1300 to a manufacturing enterprise but fails to bill its services untill next accounting period. An adjusting entry to record the income in the correct period would be done by Accounts Reciavable $ 1300 Consultancy Income $ 1300 Prepaid income refers to revenues or money recieved from clients before the services has been earned. The effect of this transaction is at first when the cash is received; cash account is debited and credited as unearned fees or customer deposits. When a Cleaning services company receives $ 1000 being payment for its services for 5 months in advance which includes two months of the next accounting period is an example of a prepaid income. The adjusting entry at the end of the accounting period would be Cleaning Income $ 600 Prepaid Income $ 600 Accrued expenses relates to expenses which have been incurred by a firm but have not been paid paid for. An illlustration of an accru ed expense usually occurs when company pays its rent expense for rent relating tothe previous month. Thus if the rent expense amounts to $ 12000 a month. While recording the last salary payment at the end of an accounting period the adjusting entry will appear as follows; Rent Expense $ 12000 Accrued Rent $ 12000 Prepaid expenses relates to the expenditures which have been paid for recorded as assets which are paid for in advance. An example of a prepaid expense may arise when a company prepays $ 2000 relating to advertising and promotion expense, which relates to the next accounting period. To make adjustment entry in the general ledger the journals will be as follows; Prepaid Advertisement and Promotion $ 1300 Advertisement and Promotion $ 1300 There are other adjusting entries which may bad debts, depreciation allowances and stock or inventory adjustments. One example of such adjustment may arise when a manufacturing company purchases a motor vehicle for $ 0.65 million which is a ssumed to depreciate by straight-line method for 5 years then at the end of the first accounting period to adjust the motor vehicle value to ensure there is no balance sheet overstatement will be done as follows; Depreciation Expense $130,000 Accumulated Depreciation – Motor Vehicle $ 130000 Finance officers to ensure that they record adjustment entries in a computerized accounting system usually conduct a comprehensive mothly examination- cut-off procedures- of trial balance. This is done to ensure that all incomes and

The Effects of Global Financial Crisis in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Global Financial Crisis in Nigeria Essay The global financial crisis began in the United States of America and the United Kingdom when the global credit market came to a standstill in July 2007 (Avgouleas, 2008). The crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. It is a well known fact that the world is now a global village. As a result of this, the global economic meltdown is having a side effect on Nigerians to an extent that people’s standard of living has been seriously affected. The side effects on Nigerians include high cost of commodities, upsurge in social vices and unemployment. As a way of managing the situation, the government should cut down on the salaries of public office holders and reduce excessive spending in order to utilize the little resources available to provide the needed infrastructural facilities that will make life meaningful to the people, and focus attention on important projects. The concept of financial crisis The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and many recessions coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults (Kindleberger and Aliber, 2005, Laeven and Valencia, 2008). Causes of the Crisis The reasons for this crisis are varied and complex, but largely it can be attributed to a number of factors in both the housing and credit markets, which developed over an extended period of time. Some of these include: the inability of homeowner to make their mortgage payments, poor judgement by the borrower and/or lender, speculation and overbuilding during the boom period, risky mortgage products, high personal and corporate debt levels, financial innovation that distributed and concealed default risks, central bank policies, and regulation (Stiglitz,2008). Africa and the Global Financial Crisis The direct impact of the financial crisis on the African economies has thus far been limited as most commercial banks in the region refrained from investing in the troubled assets from the US and other part of the world. This is why most commentators argue that Africa is so far insulated from the direct effects of the financial crisis. The current financial crisis affects Africa and other developing countries in two possible ways; First, there could be financial contagion and spillovers for stock markets in Africa. Stock markets in the region showed some volatility, driven by a sell-off by foreign investors. The Nigerian stock market for instance has been experiencing a continuous downward trend in prices of stocks for over two months now. The India stock market dropped by 8% in one day at the same time as stock markets in the USA and Brazil plunged. Stock markets across the world – developed and developing – have all dropped substantially since May 2008. Share prices have tumble between 12 and 19% in the USA, UK and Japan in just one week, while the MSCI emerging market index fell 23%. This includes stock markets in Brazil, South Africa, India and China (ODI, 2008). We need to better understand the nature of the financial linkages, how they occur (as they do appear to occur) and whether anything can be done to minimise contagion. Possible Policy responses The current macro-economic and social challenges posed by the global financial crisis require a much better understanding of appropriate policy responses. Some recommended policy responses which can be applied to the situation in Nigeria are enumerated as follows: †¢ There needs to be a better understanding of what can provide financial stability, how crossborder cooperation can help to provide the public good of international financial rules and systems, and what the most appropriate rules are with respect to development. There needs to be an understanding of whether and how Nigeria and other developing countries can minimise financial contagion; †¢ Nigeria and other developing countries will also need to manage the implications of the current economic slowdown – after a period of strong and continued growth in developing countries, which has promoted interest in structural factors of growth, international macro economic management will now move up the policy agenda. †¢ Nigeria and other developing countries need to understand the social outcomes and provide appropriate social protection schemes. †¢ Central Banks should regulate issue of foreign exchange to companies during this time of crisis to avoid creating a deep in foreign reserves. †¢ Non-bank financial sector such as Pension Funds should also be regulated. This is to protect pension funds from being invested in some of this complex instruments to enable them meet their liquidity obligation as at when due. †¢ African countries should strengthen domestic and regional markets and boost intra-African trade and it is also important to promote domestic tourism. †¢ There is a need for new stability of the global financial system in which the voice of every nation, every continent is heard and their concerns taken into account. Conclusion The global financial crisis is already causing a considerable slowdown in most developed countries. Governments around the word are trying to contain the crisis, but many suggest the worst is not yet over. Stock markets are down more than 40% from their recent highs. Investment banks have collapsed, rescue packages are drawn up involving more than a trillion US dollars, and interest rates have been cut around the world with US and Japan cutting theirs to all time low of 0. 25% and 0. 1% respectively (bbc. co. uk), in what looks like a coordinated response. With a recession already in place in most developed countries, Nigeria and other developing countries should try and come up with policies that will minimise the spread of this crisis to their economy.

The Physics Of Scuba Diving Essay -- Scuba Diving Descriptive Process

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to swim with the fish and explore the underwater jungle that covers two-thirds of the earth's surface? I have always been interested in water activities; swimming, diving and skiing, and I felt that scuba was for me. My first dive took place while on a family vacation. I came across a dive shop offering introductory dives, which immediately caught my interest. After much convincing (my parents), with my solemn assurance that I would be careful, I was allowed to participate in a dive. I was ready, or so I thought. The slim basics such as breathing were explained and I was literally tossed in. Sounds easy enough, right!, well WRONG!!. From the moment I hit the water, my experience was much less than fun. I quickly sank to the bottom into a new world, with unfamiliar dangers. I really wasn't ready for this experience. I was disorientated, causing me to panic, which shortened the length of my dive, not to mention my air supply. Let's just say I would not do that again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start exploring the underwater world, one must first master a few skills. Certification is the first step of learning to dive. From qualified professionals one must learn how to use the equipment, safety precautions, and the best places to dive. This paper is designed to help give a general understanding of the sport and the importance that physics plays in it. Self- contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, or SCUBA for short, is a hell of a lot of fun. However, there is considerably more to Diving than just putting on a wetsuit and strapping some compressed air onto ones back. As I quickly learned, diving safely requires quite a bit more in terms of time, effort, and preparation. When one goes underwater, a diver is introduced to a new and unfamiliar world, where many dangers exist, but can be avoided with proper lessons and understanding. With this knowledge the water is ours to discover. The Evolution of Scuba Diving Divers have penetrated the oceans through the centuries for the purpose of acquiring food, searching for treasure, carrying out military operations, performing scientific research and exploration, and enjoying the aquatic environment. Bachrach (1982) identified the following five principal periods in the history of diving which are currently in use. Free (or breath-hold) diving, bell diving,... ...tary, research, business, or recreation, hundreds of thousands of people are heading for the depths, to experience the unknown. My advice for a new diver is to do it right. Get the proper certification and make each dive a safe one. When a diver is fully trained, and in good mental and physical condition, safe diving can be one of the most enjoyable of experiences. The true beauty of the underwater world, coupled with the marvelous almost-weightlessness of floating with neutral buoyancy is an indescribable experience. Bibliography: Ascher, Scott M. Scuba Handbook for Humans. Iowa : Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 1975. Cramer, John L. Ph.D. Skin and Scuba Diving: Scientific Principles and Techniques. N.Y.: Bergwall Productions, Inc. 1975. Ketels, Henry & McDowell, Jack. Safe Skin and Scuba Diving, adventure in the underwater world. Canada : Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Ltd. 1975. Koelzer, William. Scuba Diving, How to get started. Pennsylvania :Chilton Book Company. 1976. Resneck, John Jr. Scuba, Safe and Simple. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1975. Tillman, Albert A. Skin and Scuba Diving. Iowa : Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 1966.

NAFTA

Introduction Since the idea of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) first entered the broader public consciousness in the early 1990s, there has been a remarkable reorientation within business, academic, and political circles in an effort to consider and better understand the nature of the North American relationship. The 1988 free trade agreement between Canada and the United States evoked intense debate and soul searching within Canada and comparatively little interest among Americans; but that situation changed as the horizons broadened to include Mexico and likely extension into other countries of Latin America, beginning with Chile. (Aggrawal, 363-372) By the early 1990s, Americans, along with Mexicans and Canadians, had fully entered into the dialogue. Remarkably, although perhaps not surprisingly, the nature of the issues raised, anxieties expressed, and ambitions to be realized through a closer trilateral relationship articulated within one country have resonated in the others. Although the alliances of foes and advocates have varied in the three countries, there have also been remarkable similarities. Canadians and Mexicans have tended to be more directly engaged in a debate over models of development and strategies of dealing with their common neighbor than have Americans. The NAFTA Debate The NAFTA agreement touched on such a wide range of issues and areas, including financial services, foreign investment, the auto sector, textiles, agriculture, labor, and the environment in the side agreements that it should not have been surprising that it evoked strong sentiments among a variety of interest groups in the United States and Mexico, although the Mexican public debate was significantly muted by the more closed nature of the political system. In the United States, the opponents of NAFTA were strange bedfellows: organized and unorganized labor, environmentalists, consumer groups, the protectionist left, and the populist right of Ross Perot, variously denouncing the agreement as a big-business plot to take advantage of low Mexican wages and lax Mexican government enforcement of environmental standards and labor laws. (Andrea, 54-69) On the protagonist side, the administration and its supporters, which included arch-conservative Rush Limbaugh and corporate scion Lee Iacocca, contended that NAFTA would expand American markets, improve environmental and labor issues along the U.S.-Mexican border, and sufficiently improve economic and labor conditions in Mexico to result in a significant reduction in Mexican immigration pressure on the United States. (Peter, 44-56) The Impact of NAFTA Given the limitations of time and space, I will touch on a select range of areas in considering the impact of NAFTA to date: industry, labor, immigration, and the environment.   As with other issues, continuity here is more striking than any significant departure from the past. At the time of the conclusion of NAFTA, Mexico was, and remains, the third largest trading partner of the United States after Canada and Japan, although its economy was only five percent the size of the combined American and Canadian economies. In 1992, the United States was the source of approximately seventy percent of Mexican imports and the market for seventy-six percent of its exports. As the result of GATT and general tariff reduction in Mexico, Mexican tariffs on U.S. imported goods by 1992 averaged ten percent in contrast to the one hundred percent that prevailed in 1981. (Gallagher, 43-51) NAFTA will have no effect on the number of jobs in the United States NAFTA will have neither a significant negative nor positive impact on the environment It will produce a small overall gain in U.S. real income The real wages of skilled workers may decline slightly For the United States, NAFTA is more a foreign policy than an economic issue. NAFTA provided for the phasing out of tariffs on apparel and textiles over ten years, with some items to have duty-free access to Mexico immediately. All tariffs on autos and auto parts are to be eliminated over ten years; in agriculture, Mexico and the United States are to phase out fifty-seven percent of trade barriers immediately, ninety-four percent after ten years and one hundred percent after fifteen years. U.S. and Canadian investors are guaranteed national treatment with the right to seek binding arbitration in international tribunals, although the agreement excludes in this respect the Mexican energy and railway industries, U.S. airline and radio communications, and Canadian cultural industries. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the oil sector, PEMEX is to retain its monopoly over most of the industry, but non-Mexicans will be able to invest in petrochemicals, electricity generation, and coal mines; procurement contracts for PEMEX and Mexico's state electricity commission are also to be opened to foreigners; foreign banks and securities brokers are to have unrestricted access to Mexico by the end of the decade, although there are some restrictions on the sale of policies by U.S. insurers. (Andrea, 54-69) The agreement also provides for an elimination of most of Mexico's tariff barriers on telecommunications equipment. Basic voice services remain protected but foreign investors are to have access to value-added telephone services. As a response to the significant political opposition to the original agreement in the United States, there are two side agreements for environmental and labor standards. The former is especially weak, providing for each nation to apply its own environmental standards provided they are established on a scientific basis and with the stipulation that lowering of standards in order to attract foreign investment would be â€Å"inappropriate.† (Aggrawal, 363-372) The two commissions established to deal with environmental and labor matters have the power to impose fines and remove trade privileges as a last resort when environmental standards or legislation pertaining to health and labor safety, minimum wages, or child labor are deemed to have been violated. Such fines would be levied on the governments not the private sector violators. (Francesco, 90-97) Labor. In 2005, Perot contended that the job losses to the United States as a result of NAFTA would be as high as 5.9 million. As The Economist suggested at the time, such a result was not feasible. For there to be a shift of even 2 million-and this is not to suggest that such a loss would be insignificant-Mexico would need a bilateral trade surplus of $100 billion, equal to one-third of its gross domestic product (GDP) in 1973. Gary Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott of the Washington Institute for International Economics estimated, on the contrary, that NAFTA would generate a net increase of 171,000 jobs in the United States and that combined U.S. and Mexican GDP would ultimately increase by $15 billion a year. Yet another study, this one by the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, predicted that the net loss of U.S. jobs to Mexico would be 490,000. (Andrea, 54-69) Such wildly diverse predictions and analyses, even if one discounts Perot's, suggest the inexact nature of economic forecasting as well as its ideological biases. Yet one also has to keep in mind that differences of 200,000 are not considered significant, since seasonally adjusted statistics employment numbers shift up and down by that magnitude on a month-to-month basis. There also seems to be a general consensus among economists, including the Chicago school, that open markets and deregulation lead to social and economic dislocation. The left and the right simply and fundamentally differ over what one does to correct that dislocation. (Peter, 44-56) Advocates of NAFTA countered critics on the issue of differential wage scales with the argument that firms would not relocate simply because Mexican wages are eight times lower than those for U.S. workers. If one considers that wages comprise only fifteen percent of production costs, that the cost of relocation, including potentially increased transportation costs, training of a new labor force and the lower level of productivity among Mexican workers, and fringe benefits including housing allowances and Christmas bonuses normally equal to one month's wages, the wage differential is significantly reduced as a factor determining capital location. As well, as productivity increases in Mexico, wages will also rise, which will also occur in the higher technology areas of employment, as for instance in the highly productive Ford plant in Hermosillo, Baja California. (Francesco, 90-97) Further, and perhaps most significantly, it could be argued that under the provisions of the maquiladora operations that had been in place for three decades, there had been more than ample opportunity to test the thesis that employment and investment would be diverted to Mexico. U.S. organized labor could identify only 96,000 pre-NAFTA jobs that had shifted to Mexico in the previous decade, and several of the firms involved-Smith Corona typewriters and Zenith televisions- would have either moved to Southeast Asia or gone out of business if they had not shifted operations to Mexico. In one of the sectors where Mexico enjoyed a clear comparative advantage over the United States-beet sugar production-Clinton acceded to pressures from U.S. interests to include a protective provision in NAFTA. (Gallagher, 43-51) In another sector-apparel manufacturing- where Mexico also enjoys considerable comparative advantage, it is anticipated that although there will certainly be short-term and possibly significant job losses to Mexico; in the long term, improved economic conditions in Mexico, rising wages, and increased consumer spending capacity will level the playing field between the two countries. The data on job losses and job creation tied to NAFTA are not very favorable to date. U.S. Department of Labor statistics suggest that the job loss in the United States has been slight. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the twenty months following the implementation of the agreement, 68,482 workers had applied for a special NAFTA program of federal retraining assistance while losing their jobs; 38,148 had been accepted under the plan, which requires proof that the job loss is trade-related although not necessarily specifically caused by NAFTA. Those applying for assistance represented some 457 firms located in forty-six states, including Allied Signal, Sara Lee, Smith Corona, Averred Battery, Zenith, and Proctor and Gamble, all of which had belonged to a pro-NAFTA lobby. (Andrea, 54-69) Department as well as American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) officials agreed that in northern California in particular the impact seemed to have been especially light. Only one firm, Plantronics, a designer and manufacturer of telephone headsets, had by 1995 laid off 60 of 300 workers at its Santa Cruz plant and moved their positions to Mexico. The marginal NAFTA impact on industries such as Plantronics appears to be linked to the fact the region's high-tech; white-collar industries are less susceptible to low-wage Mexican competition than other industries elsewhere in the United States. Nonetheless, this perception of a failure of NAFTA to increase U.S. exports and export-related jobs led the anti-NAFTA consumer advocacy group Public Citizen to claim without hard evidence 300,000 NAFTA-related job losses. This argument received support from Congressional critics of NAFTA. (Francesco, 90-97) Ohio Democratic Representative Marcy Kaptur, for instance, joined with others to form a bipartisan House group with plans to introduce a NAFTA Benchmarks Bill to suspend NAFTA and set quantifiable limits on the trade deficit, job losses, and currency rates that would trigger an automatic suspension of the trade agreement. Certainly, Mexico has increased its exports to the United States as well as its proportional share of U.S. imports; but, this would have occurred without NAFTA with the Mexican peso devaluation in the same way that a low Canadian dollar continues to stimulate Canadian exports. Immigration. It may be inappropriate to attempt at this early stage to examine what has been happening with Mexican migration pressures on the U.S. border during the two years NAFTA has been in effect, since the crisis in the Mexican economy has greatly exacerbated the problem. Nonetheless, it is useful to examine, briefly, the patterns in this area. Pro-NAFTA groups were adamant that an improved Mexican economy was the only long-term solution to high levels of Mexican migration-legal or illegal-to the United States, and I see no basis to reject that analysis. The fact remains that in the relatively short period since NAFTA was implemented there has been no easing of pressure on border points in the southwest. Nonetheless, I would stress that it is impossible to attribute this situation to NAFTA per se, at the same time that in the short term at least NAFTA has not in itself significantly alleviated the migration problem. That is a long-term issue, driven by cultural, economic, and political considerations, which will only be corrected if a relative degree of equilibrium is achieved on both sides of the border. (Gallagher, 43-51) At present, that is not even a fantasy let alone a realistic economic goal, and even if the economic situation were corrected, such issues as family reunification with the large indigenous Mexican-American population in the southwestern United States will work to encourage ongoing migration into the area. Environmental Issues. Environmental protection was a critical factor in obtaining congressional approval of the agreement in the U.S. Congress; yet one must recognize that it was and remains a side issue beside the main objectives of NAFTA, which are trade and investment liberalization. Hence, it is rather misleading to attempt to measure the success or failure of NAFTA in terms of the successes or failures of that side agreement. Nonetheless, what I believe has happened over the past several years is that analysts have begun to take a far more holistic approach to the understanding of international trade questions, much in the same way that analysts in strategic studies have gone far beyond their traditional weapon-counting approach to the discipline by taking into consideration a range of other factors that now are seen to threaten national security, including environmental degradation, poverty, and human migration. (Francesco, 90-97) Mexico's economic crisis has seriously undermined its capacity at the federal, state, and local levels to fund environmental clean-up and regulation of industries. Hence, although there has been notable new private investment in Mexican maquiladoras, there has been no significant investment in the infrastructure in the areas where those firms operate. There is little value in detailing here the level of environmental degradation that continues to characterize industrial Mexico. Such pollution is clearly not the direct result of NAFTA, but it is the result of a political and economic philosophy that attempts to separate trade matters from the quality of the environment in which we live and which places a premium on open markets, privatization, and deregulation. (Andrea, 54-69) There has admittedly been more attention to environment, labor standards, and culture in recent years than there was at the outset of the debate over the U.S.-Canada trade agreement, primarily because of the impact that labor and environmental groups have had on the political agenda in the United States; but it is questionable that the relatively weak institutions established to deal with environmental and labor issues will be radical in their approaches. In the longer term, all societies will pay a very high price indeed if those issues are not effectively addressed. Conclusion NAFTA has not simply failed to provide some of its promised benefits, but it has led instead to unemployment, environmental devastation, and serious health problems.   The few beneficiaries have been corporations who benefit from deregulation that reduces their costs and the free market that they largely control.   The North American Free Trade Agreement has proved a failure and at the very least must be revised in order to compensate for the damages that have occurred. As long as economic motives are behind any legislation, people and the environment will unfortunately always be expendable. To return to the main issue raised in this paper, the impact of NAFTA in its first two years the evidence remains preliminary. A combination of factors led to a dramatic increase in Mexican exports to the United States after NAFTA and a substantial shift in the favorable balance of trade away from the United States. As long as prices and the costs of production in Mexico remain low, proximity to the United States will likely serve to perpetuate that pattern. Mexican export opportunities will also provide continuing incentive for foreign investment in Mexican agriculture and manufacturing, as well as financial institutions. To date, the anticipated liberalization of investment in the extractive resource sector in Mexico has not been fully realized, especially in petroleum, and the continued significance and power of PEMEX in Mexican political culture suggests that any dramatic change in the petroleum investment environment is unlikely to come soon. At the same time, the decades of a highly protectionist Mexican economic policy are in the past, and there are no signs of a return to the import substitution model. In the United States, there is more volatility on the politics of trade and trade policy. Works Cited Aggrawal, R. and Kyaw, N.A. â€Å"Equity market integration in the NAFTA region: evidence from unit root and cointegration tests†, International Review of Financial Analysis 4, 2004: 363-372 Andrea Bjorklund et al. â€Å"Investment Disputes Under NAFTA (Ring-bound)† Kluwer Law International; Lslf edition, 2006: 54-69 Francesco Duina, â€Å"The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur† Princeton University Press, 2005: 90-97 Gallagher, Kevin â€Å"Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond†. Stanford University Press, 2004: 43-51 Gilmore, C.G. and McManus, G.M. â€Å"The impact of NAFTA on the integration of the Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. equity markets†, Research in Global Strategic Management 10, 2004: 102-118 Peter Hakim â€Å"The Future of North American Integration: Beyond NAFTA†. University of British Columbia Press, 2005: 44-56