How effectively two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan Essay Example for Free

How efficaciously two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan EssayExamine how effectively two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan. In your answer you may wish to consider setting, lighting, costumes and choice of actor?King Duncan is introduced in the text as text as the first speaking character after the witches, and in only a short space of time has visual aspectn himself to be a figure of power, able look across the respect of his fellow valet and is a keen listener.William Shakespeares text starts by showing King Duncans authority in his first sentenceWhat bloody creation is that?The king demands, instead of waiting for an answer, he puts two and two together and saysHe can report, as seemth by his plightAnd the soldier tells the king closely the battle. Duncan also keeps his Reponses short and to the point, he appears to be a good listener as he never interrupts any adept while there talking and waits for his turn to talk, a respectful king.Also as king he appears to be noble even though he doesnt have to be, this is shown byO valiant cousin, worthful gentlemanHere he addresses Macbeth with a title furthermore calling him brave and he calls the captain worthy.He is also a caring man this is demonstrated after the bleeding captain finishes tells him about the battleGo get him surgeons.The king doesnt have to have any topic to do with this but he takes action.In 1971Roman Polanski directed a cinema variate of the Shakespeare play Macbeth. This film introduced a whole new generation to William Shakespeare, Listed below are differences between this form of media and what was traditionally seen as the home of Shakespeare, the stage. The differences being a less sophisticated auditory modality, in terms of knowledge Shakespeares plays. Ability to film on location, this has the advantage of looking gigantic it if done correctly but if it is done badly it looks cheap and tacky. The amount of actors in the movie industry out weights that of the s tage productions, so a clasp of talent to choose from is greater.Roman Polanski not only takes advantage of all of the above but he makes the characters his as he sees them. An example of the is King Duncan, Polanski chooses a man of about 45 years of age, he does this because he doesnt to see older less active man, he wants to show a king of action, this is shown in the movie, when we see the king on horseback riding across the battlefield, this happens at the expense of the text at the start of act 1 word picture 2 where it says the locationKing Duncans camp near ForresIt says camp not battleground, the king would never go into battle himself this was his right as a king. Another thing Polanski does is to show the king wearing a poncho with his family coat of arms embroiled on it, below this Duncan is clad to battle armour, this gives us a false exposure of bravery, and he also rides with his crown on his head this is to gain yet more attention, almost rubbing his advantage ove r the lesser men.The opening with scene with Duncan has him riding over a sand dune, but before we even see this we people play the trumpet, you have to important to have your own instant and guard, as they ride on to beach the camera keeps up with them and we see the sky the is heavily over cast, maybe a sign of things to come. Polanski has also seen equalize to shorten the parts to the play, the effect of this is to keep things flowing fast and to hold the audiences attention.When Duncan starts talking to the injured captain, it seem very informal, theyre all it horse and none of them show respect to king by bowing or other courtships. The king then travels to see Cawdor, who is pined down, by seeing this man Duncan is lower himself because it almost wish well he is getting his hands dirty as appose to just giving orders, then he takes out his board sword and lowers it to Cawdors neck where in skilfully removes a medallion and for the briefest of moments we think he going to ki ll him.In the Trevor Nunn version of Macbeth, this is a stage production by the Royal Shakespeare Company. thither are more limitations placed on the director because it is a stage production all the action takes place in the same place, this also forces the audience to use there imaginations, more that a film. Props can be used but there are limitations to how much you can do.The opening chronological sequence we see a circle of light, a metaphor for everlasting life, everything is in complete darkness except the for this circle, the forces of evil and the force of good are twain represented and both will play roles in the play. The actors come on stage from the darkness and one stands the king, he is wearing a white one piece sheet, the white is in contrast with the darkness and could be a metaphor for peace and purity. The camera then pans around each actor in turn, each is wearing black and looks to be about middle age, then it passes Duncan who has a full beard and looks quit e like a Santa Claus figure Santa is know for his kindness and good judgement this also true for Duncan. After the witches predicts, we see how frail he is when to friendly face comes to his aid helping him to his feet, his maybe a sign that the end is coming.In summary the both versions of Macbeth enlightening, it was useful to get some elses perspective on Macbeth. But there can be not denying Duncan greatness when an enemy say thisBesides, This Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so cleat in his great officeMacbeth says this about Duncan, with enemies like this who need friends. I think Trevor Nunn version represented Duncan better because Nunn used simple but very powerful metaphors.

Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingway EssayErnest Hemingway is i of the writers that define Ameri roll in the hay Literature. Although he accomplished much in account and status due to his novel, his most celebrated works have always been his s rear endt(p) stories. His short stories, which ar known for their simple language and artful prose, are often seen as a comment of his life-time. It can indeed be seen through several of the plots he penned that he was drawing out his own life experiences such as his portrayal of himself as a macho man, his relationship with the women in his life, war and death and of course alcohol. Noting this Martin Scofield rightly states, the personal experience on which he frequently drew directly in his writing was full of confusing tension and conflict in the midst of masculine and feminine elements in his personality, between admiration for the physical fortitude and a growing disillusion with violence, and between the optimism of youth and physical energy, and the inevitable depredation of old age and death. In his short stories we see vividly developed snapshots of turmoil, precise delineations of individual fragments of disparate experience. (Scofield 139). The kind of heroes that the author went to write about in his book were a direct reflection of the kind of man he wanted to be. The male protagonist has an aura of dignity and an unwavering integrity about them. Compromise is not known to these reference books in most instances. In fact both male and female characters that were created by Hemingway are more often than not, defiant of the society that they exist in and continu ally go once against the societal norms and expectations.Hemingway was by nature a macho man. His life has shown us his indulgences in great adventures. The time he spent in wars, pursuit and sport is reflected in several of his works. The kind of heroes Hemingway wrote about will probably not suffice today torn soldiers, and death defying hunters, advent urers and bullfighters made up his works, scarcely that these characters exhibited a personal code of honesty and decency. Harvey Claflin Mansfield rightly categorized the authors personality in his book Maniliness, Hemingway was a macho fellow and a seeker of adventure when coupled with fun (Mansfield 52). An example of this can be taken from his short story Indian Camp, where the physician is n any concerned with his need of anesthetic and equipment nor the screaming patient. In true alpha male mode, he goes onto deliver a child with a jack-knife. His complete lack of interest in the womens pain, which normally affects people, and the way he goes onto admire his work as though it was a non-living thing gives off a very sadistic and uninventive macho essence. At the same time we can compare the physicians character to the American Indian man who slit his throat and died during his wifes giving birth. That man did not have the courage and strength to face the ordeal that his wif e was going through, unlike the physician who seemed to think nada of it. And like that Hemingway continuously writes about men that could stand up to things and endure things. The strength which he at times referred to grace under pressure was brooding of the kind of man that does not succumb to his problems. His story of the bull fighter can withal be seen as an example of this very thing, where the protagonist ignores injuries to assent battle.Explaining the development of the characters through the developments in Hemingways life, John Campbell noted, In the 1920s, Hemingway began to develop a public role for himself in an attempt to show people how a writer acts when not writing. He became comfortable with this role and wrote essays for Esquire Magazine that reflected a person, outdoorsman find out of a very physical man he made a safari to Africa in the 1930s, killed big game, and so on. His male characters began to resemble this image and became more Active in the 1930s and 1940s. Readers often associate this macho image with Hemingway, but it is difficult to generalize about men in his work, since the early male characters are vulnerable and the later ones more independent have a sense of toughness strength and masculinity. (Campbell 251)Hemingway wrote extensively throughout his career. One of the main recurring themes that can be seen in his short stories is that of war and death. He participated in the First World War as an ambulance driver under the Red Cross. It was during his term in Italy that he had his first issue affair and was also injured. As a part of the Italian infantry he was awarded two decorations by the Italian government as well. It was his time here that he witnessed first move on the ruthlessness and stoic attitude of soldiers around him. Much of his observations later became part of his works. His time as a war correspondent in span also influenced his work. The events of the civil war that took place in Spain greatly a ffected him. The Spanish civil war stories have two characteristics in common. The first-person narrator in all of them is obviously Hemingway himself, correspond dent, film-maker, raconteur, and famous personage. The second characteristic is that the real subject of all these stories, as well as the play, is the political nature of the conflict. Philips Rawlings, the main character in the Fifth Column is also substantially autobiographical and the girl, Dorothy Bridges, is clearly based on Martha Gellhorn, as is the girl in the story Landscapes with Figures (Donaldson 236). The stories are his reading material of events and how he saw the war. Most of the material is based on first hand information and as he experienced it. His short stories poignantly envisioned soldiers that left behind and lived with legacies of combat. In Soldiers Home, Krebs is the disillusioned veteran that comes back to home to find himself without a spiritual home. He is out of place, estrange from his f amily, religion and society. Hemingways examination of the war torn characters can also bee seen through Nick Adams. Some critiques have linked the short stories to a potential difference autobiographical connection and their thematic treatment to the various stages the characters go through i.e. Nicks stages of recovery from his physical and psychological war wounds which mirror the ones Hemingway suffered himself. It is Hemingway who in the third-person story supports the fundamental idea of Nicks physical and spiritual recovery and re innovativeal. It can be taken in run into that writing was a form of catharsis for the author and through writing about his ordeal he managed to work through his anxiety of war (to an extent). We can see through the stories, glimpses of Hemingways own pain and anguish. When he returned from war ridden areas he was deeply affected. The matters of his experiences were heavy influences on his work and gave them a new sense of life.Hemingway had extr emely turbulent relationships with the women in his life. His love stories are ruled by conflict between men and women whose lives are always stuck in somewhat momentum of great tension and problems, or an extremely vivid change. He was married to four different women and was infamous for his multiple affairs. If one was to look at Hemingways life, one would notice that he lacked the will to stick to one fair sex. At some point and time breaking things off and moving on stopped giving him the guilt it once did and women became just a habit for him. His relationships with women affected his work a great deal Paul Reuban went onto prove this in his work when he wrote that, His Hemingways writing also reflected his trouble with relating to women and his tendency to treat them as objects, as he had four marriages and countless affairs, highlighting his theme of monomania and disconnection in his work. It was his guilt over women that led him to the bottle and subsequently drenched hi m in depression. He could not move past his guilt quickly seemly before he moved onto the next woman. In his entire life he repeatedly cheated on all the women he was with it was a vicious cycle per second of finding love, breaking love by finding someone else, getting depressed over his actions, finding someone else to get out of the depression.An example of the effect that his love life had on his work can be seen in Hills like White Elephants, which was written after Hemingway had cheated on his wife Hadley with her own virtuoso Pauline Pfeiffer. When Hemingway asked for a divorce, Hadley placed a condition of a separation between him and Pfeiffer for a certain period of time if he remained in love even after that time he was to be granted the divorce. It was during this period that he wrote the story. The biggest similarity between his life and the short story is that in either a family member or loved one was being separated. The story which centers on a conversation between a man and a woman show that the man is the authority. The poor talk skills between the two also reflect that their relationship might end. Perhaps Hemingway himself saw this as Hadley and himself which poor communication was ending up in the death of something that connected them, in the case of the characters this would be the unborn child.When in Italy, Hemingway had a love affair while he was wounded in this duration. The effects of this can be seen in his works as well. In A very short story, the injured solider who is found on the Italian front has a love affair with a concur who tended to him. Just like Hemingway himself who fell in love with Agnes Von Kurowsky. As the story goes, the nurse later leaves the solider for an Italian officer. A very short story ranks as one of Hemingways least effective stories. Behind a pretense of objectivity, it excoriates the unfaithful Agnes. Even four years after the jilting, he was too close to his subject matter to achieve the requisit e artistic distance twice again he explored the subject of love between a wounded soldier and his nurse (Beegal 105). Throughout his work it will be seen that he advocates the kind of courage in the world where men must survive without women, which goes against the work itself because it is based largely on this mother, sisters, wives, lovers etc.Hemingways works paved way for an merely new genre of writing. He used plain simple language to give voice to his stories. Much of his work, when it comes to short stories, is greatly influenced by his life and it can be seen through the various example given herewith, how his life was a muse to him. His relationships with women and subsequently alcohol, his experiences at war and the death that he saw, and his ideas on masculinity and manhood were some of the basic ideas that he infused with his writings to form the basis of many of his stories. Hemingway may have been gifted but he very conflicts that he tried to work out through his wri tings, and the very tensions that he wrote about, subsequently became the reason he took his own life.

Formal And Informal Communication

Formal And In tenoral conferenceIn this report I have tried to enlighten the different aspects of confabulation in order to extend effectively as a manager and different types of discourse parapets which will distort the message delivery process and three recommendations for managers how to rectify their communication skills. Hope this will complete the subject.INTRODUCTIONThe process of communication falls under three categories which be literal communication, non verbal communication and write communication. Communication must include both transfer and understanding. Communication lavatory non exist without a sender and a receiver. Poor communication is probably the most ofttimes cited source of inter soulfulnessal conflict. According to Stephen and Mary (2009, p.329), managers be concern with two types of communication, which are interpersonal communication and organisational communication. Interpersonal communication is communicating with two or more people. And the or ganisational communication is all the patterns, networks, and system of communication deep down an organisation, which are important to mangers (Stepehen Mary, 2009, p.331).Four major functions of communication are control, motivate, emotional expression and information. The hierarchies form in the organisations is a control mechanism of communication in the organisations. In this they have created different levels of jobs and the communication is communicated by their immediate supervisor or boss. Communication motivates the employ by giving a feedback of his work how well he have d nonpareil and in which area he needs to improve. The communication which takes stain within the work place with the colleagues is a mechanism by which the members show their frustration and feeling of satisfaction. Therefore communication provides an emotional expression of feelings. The information provided by communication helps to make a decision by the receiver after evaluating the information pr ovided d wholeness the communication.ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATIONprocess of human com.jpgExhibitProcess of gentlemans gentleman communicationSource http//www.ehow.com/how-does_5431820_process-human-communication.html Accessed 30 terrific 2012.Exhibit 1 which explains the communication process is made up of seven parts. It is 1.Sender sends a message 2.encode its and send it through a 3.channel and the 4 receiver decodes and 5.receive message 6.sends a feedback to the sender this chain concludes when the sender 7.receives the feedback message.Sender and ReceiverThe sender is the individual who initiates the conversation. The sender must communicate the message in a bearing that the receiver will understand. To do this the sender must encode the message. The way a message is encoded depends on the way the sender and receiver typically communicate and the relationship between the two individuals. The process of encoding is simply taking the thoughts in your head and putting them into w ords. thus far the words you use will change depending on who you are talking to. When talking to a customer, your language will be softer and different than when talking to your staffs. If a message is not properly encoded, it is unlikely that the message will be understood (Stephen, 1998, p.313).The ChannelThe channel aspect of the human communication process is the regularity through which the communication takes place. When humans communicate with one an other(a) they must select a channel to do so. Common channels include face to face meetings, letters, email, memos, reports, and telephone conversation (Frances, 1995, p.282). The channel selected helps shape the communication that will take place (James Amy, n.d.). Different channels have different strength.NoiseNoise is one of the negative aspects of human communication and is characterized as the interference that occurs when verbally communicating. Noise can be internal, such as the sender or receiver was getting distra cted, or external such as others talking making it difficult to hear the sender.Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication is communication that is spoken. However verbal communication can be extremely complicated. Verbal communication includes the tone and pitch of a persons voice, the words she chooses, her rate of speech and the volume she speaks at (Burtness Hulbert, 1985, p.319). changing one of these characteristics can drastically change the way her messages are received. For example, if you are angry and want the person you are talking with to know you are angry, you are likely to raise your voice and maybe even use choice words.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is another aspect of human communication that we often forget about. Nonverbal communication includes the way we gesture, our posture, what we wear, our facial expressions and even how we sit. Nonverbal communication can be either complimentary or contradictory. eulogistic nonverbal messages strengthen what we are saying with our words, such as frowning when you are telling someone you are sad. Contradictory nonverbal messages weaken what we are saying with our words, such as having a disgusted facial expression while saying that the food is yummy.Formal and Informal CommunicationFormal communication is vertical and follows the authority chain and is limited. Informal communication known as the grapevine is free to move in any direction. This communication can be take place from vertical to horizontal, upwards and downwards and also can skip the authority levels. The grapevine communication is very effective and fast. This passes the massage within few time periods. Through this method managers can identify issues that employ consider important.Communication NetworkThere are different patterns of network of communication. The construction itself influences the speed and accuracy of the message and performance and motivation of the participants.Chain This gives a flow of informati on to the end of the chain.Circle Here each person can communicate on both sides of him.Star This is more decentralise and allows a free flow of information among all group members.Wheel Information flows from one person to all.Y-Pattern Two persons are close to the centre of the networkCom Network.jpgExhibitOrganisation Communication NetworkSource http//www.kkhsou.in/main/EVidya2/Professional%20English/communication.html Accessed 30 August 2012FIVE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERSFilteringThis is manipulating the message in an easy way that the receiver can listen or omitting some part of the message which may mother trouble.LanguageThis is one of the customary barriers of the world. There are countries which do not use an international language like English or any other common language and they use to stick on their local language. tho in a globalizing world there must be a common language which could be use to communicate all. Words mean differently to different people. Age, ed ucation and cultural background influence a language the person uses and definition he or she uses (Stepehen Mary, 2009, p.337).Physical BarrierPhysical barriers are physical objects which obstructs the receiver to clearly receive the message. For example a wall or distance from the sender (Christopher, 2010). Its is easy to overcome this barrier and in modern work place the physical barriers are avoided.Information robOverload of information is also a common barrier. We human beings can cater up to certain amount of information and if the capacity limit is exceeded we may do misinterpret the things which are communicated.Cross Cultural Communicationok-gesture.jpgExhibitThe A-Ok gestureSource http//hidden-avenue.blogspot.com/ Accessed 30 August 2012.As a cross cultural barrier in different parts of the world people interpret gestures and signs differently. As seen in exhibit 3 for some culture they have a pith which can be communicated in the community and in other cultures its a busing one another (Stephen, 1998, p.332). These factors create communication problem. So we must be mensurable when we communicate in an unknown cultural environment.THREE WAYS HOW MANAGERS CAN IMMPROVE THEIR COMMUNICATION SKILLSAvoid Information OverloadThe managers should be trained how to prioritise their work. They should not burden themselves with work and they should spend excellence moment with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedback activity. Be a good delegator and have a workload balance for the day. Plane your day and make a task list. Try to achieve your listed tasks for the day.Give Constructive FeedbackAlways try to avoid giving negative feedback. The content of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead effective communication and build a good relation between the superior and the subordinate. To give a feedback its better to give face to face or if not reachable by phone (Ki tty, 1998, p.4). These feedbacks are informal and try to give it on a regular basis and timely as soon as possible.Listening ActivelyA manager must be a good listener. When someone talks we hear. But most of us dont listen. Listening is an active search for meaning whereas hearing is the passive. Active listening is enhancing developing empathy and putting yourself into senders position. These types of scenarios occur to managers daily. So be empathetic and an active listener to improve your communication skills (Victoria Holly, 2005).

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Overview

Global constitution for Mobile (GSM) Communication OverviewTara Rushdi HaydarSinar Selahaddin MerdanRojgar Mewlud MuradContents (Jump to)IntroductionWhat is GSM?GSM Network architectureWhat is Roaming?What is GRAN?Requirement need for building GSMGeneration of GSMConclusionReferencesIntroductionGSM is a linkup between two people a caller and the called somebody is the basic service of all shout net incomes. To apply this service, the network must has ability to set up and maintain a call, which includes some tasks identifying the called person, determining the post, routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is continued until conversation lasts. After the transaction, the connection is terminated.In a fixed telephone network, providing and managing connections is an slow process, beca part telephones atomic number 18 connected by wires to the network and their location is enduring from the networks point of view. Whereas, in a mobile network, the establishment of a call is to a greater extent than complex task, because it doesnt have wire and permanent location. It enables the users to move by wireless (radio) connection.What is GSM?GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital electric cellular technology transmits mobile voice and data services. It is adigitalmobile telephone set formation that is widely used technology in the world. The GSM market has more than 70 percent of the worlds digital cellular endorsers. The GSM makes use of narrowbandTime Division eight-fold Access (TDMA)technique for transmitting signals. The GSM was developed by using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.GSM operates at either the 900megahertzor 1800 MHz frequency band. In Europe, operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands and in US, operates 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands. The GSM is a circuit- castigateed system that divides each 200 kilocycle per second channel into eight 25 kHz time-s lots.Cell phones use GSM network by searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area. GSM carriers have roaming contacts with other GSM carriers and typically spawn rural areas more completely. GSM likewise has the advantage of using SIM (SubscriberIdentityModule) cards. The SIM card, which acts as your digital identity, is tied to your cell phone service carriers network rather than to the handset itself. This allows for easy exchange from one phone to another without new cell phone service activation.Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4% of all planetary mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSMmobile phone users worldwide. GSM World references China as the largest single GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users.GSM network architectureThe GSM network is divided into three ma jor systemsThe procedure and support system (OSS)The switching system (SS)The base station system (BSS) GSM network architectureThe Operation and Support System (OSS)The OSS stands for operation and support system. The break down of OSS is that monitors and controls the system. The aim of OSS is that customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important task of OSS is to ensure a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations.The Switching SystemThe switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing andSubscriber-related functions.The switching system (SS) includes some functional unitsHome location register (HLR)The HLR is a database used for storage and direction of subscriptions. The HLR stores permanent data some subscribers, including a subscribers service profile, location information, and ac tivity status. When a person buys a subscription, he/she is registered in the HLR of that operator.Mobile services switching center ( disseminated sclerosis)The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. Also, it performs toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others functions.Visitor location register (VLR)The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC entrust request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.Authentication center (AUC)A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters tha t verify the users identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud tack in todays cellular world.Equipment identity register (EIR)The EIR is a database that includes information about the identity of mobile equipment that intercepts calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations.The institute get off System (BSS)All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).BSCThe BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell physique data, and control of radio frequency (RF) spring levels in base transceiver stations.BTSThe BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to Service each cell in the network. BSC controls a group o f BTSs.MSMS stands for Mobile Station. It is a combination of terminal equipment and subscriber data. The terminal equipment is called ME (Mobile Equipment) and the subscribers data is stored in a separate module called SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). Therefore, ME + SIM = MS.The SIM card contains an identification number of the user and list of available networks.What is Roaming?Roaming allows a mobile subscriber to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of their base of operations network, by means of using a visited network.Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming between network operators is based on and the commercial terms are contained in dedicated roaming agreements. If the visited network is in the same country as the root word network, this is known as national roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as international roaming.If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home network, this is known as inter-standard roaming.GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the mobile subscriber the convenience of being able to use a single number, a single bill and a single phone. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver rear the global success of the GSM Platform.The GSMAsGSM Coverage Mapsare a unique resource containing information supplied and approved by the members of the Association. The network, services and roaming information are continually updated to reflect the evolving situation worldwide. Interactive coverage maps, updated quarterly, allow you to navigate to see where exactly you cigarette use your phone.What is GRAN?GRANis an abbreviation ofGSMRadio Access Network. It consists ofBase Transceiver Stations(BTS) andBase Station Controllers(BSC). Its purpose i s to manage the radio link betweenmobile phonesand atelecommunicationcore network. This access network provides access to both roofy switched(CS) andPacket switched(PS) core networks.Aradio access network(RAN) is part of a mobiletelecommunicationsystem. It implements aradio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between devices like a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with itscore network(CN). Depending on the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as the user equipment.Network Management Subsystem (NMS)The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is the third subsystem of theGSM network in addition to the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various function s and elements of the network.The operator workstations are connected to the database and communication servers via a Local Area Network (LAN). The database server stores the management information about the network. The communications server takes care of the data communications between the NMS and the equipment in the GSM network known as network elements. These communications are carried over a Data Communications Network (DCN), which connects to the NMS via a router.The functions of the NMS can be divided into three categoriesFault managementConfiguration managementPerformance managementThese functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs.Fault managementThe aim of fault management to detect different type of problems then compute them rapidly. Fault management provides the network operator with information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history database of alarms.The alarms are stored in th e NMS database and this database can be searched correspond to criteria specified by the network operator.Configuration managementThe purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-date information about the operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific configuration functions include the management of the radio network, packet and hardware management of the network elements, time synchronization, and security operations.Performance managementIn performance management, the NMS collects measurement data from individual network elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the network operator is able to compare the existing performance of the network with the planned performance and detect both good and bad performance areas within the network.Requirement need for building GSMHardware and softwareA typical GSM base station, cant do anything without a suite of components that maintain databases, perform call-switching functions, and s o forth. This groundwork is expensive (typically some $250,000) and complicated to configure, and it needs to be stored in an air-conditioned room. Obviously, thats impractical in the kinds of places OpenBTS is designed for. As a result, the system replaces much of the physical infrastructure of the core network with VoIP softwarein this case, an open-source program called Asterisk that can be installed on any off-the-shelf PC.IP ConnectionCell-phone users on an OpenBTS network can reach each other even if the system isnt connected to the network, but reaching someone outside the network requires an Internet connection. On Niue, the group used five-gigahertz IP radios to link the BTS unit to Telecom Niues wired Internet infrastructure, four kilometers away. Burgess says that response time can get a bit sluggish if the Internet connection isnt very good, but it doesnt take much bandwidth to make the system functional. billet supplyThe system deployed on Niue draws about 60 watts o f power, supplied by three marine batteries of the type that many locals use on their boats. Because the systems power requirements are so low, Burgess says, a base station could also run on solar or wind power.GSMhandsetOpenBTS re-creates the technology behind GSM (the global system for mobile communications), which is used by the majority of mobile phones in the world. Any GSM phone will see an OpenBTS network as a standard cell network and interact with it normally.AntennaLike any cell network, an OpenBTS system requires an antenna to facilitate signaling. Different types of antennas can be used, according to the range the operator wants the network to have.Generation of GSMFirst generation technology(1G)First-generation mobile systemsused analog transmission for destination services. It offered handover and roaming capabilities, but it was unable to interoperate between countries. So, this is disadvantage of first-generation. heartbeat generation technology(2G)Second generation mobile system used digital transmission. It able to use handover and roaming capabilities. It uses FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.Third generation technology(3G)Third generation technology has dissipated data transfer rate. It enables to add services like mobile television, GPS, and goggle box conferencing. Services include a wide area wireless voice telephony, video call, and broadband wireless data, all in mobile environment.Fourth generation technology(4G)Fourth generation technologyhas more bandwidth and services than 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is the high fictional character audio/video streaming overend to end Internet Protocol, and work at 100 Mbps for mobile users and upto 1 Gbps over fixed stations. The word MAGIC also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized services.Fifth generation technology (5G)Fifth generation technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth, high connectivity, and has extraordinary data capabilities. User never experienced ever before such a high nourish technology. The 5G technologies include alltype of advanced features which makes5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video sham, largephone memory ,dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market, so may be incoming days 5G technology takes over the world market.ConclusionYear by year, the GSM system improves and its subscribers increases around the world. It divides into three main move that are OSS, SS, and BSS. These parts include some important department that manages the system, stores information of users, and another tasks. GSM has ability to roam worldwide and has roaming agreements in place with foreign operators globally. So, users can easily use their same SIM in another cities or countries. GSM network facilitate easier access to cellular and satellite platforms across international lines. Using digital technology, it employs both speech and data channels in its system. In addition, GSM has network management subsystem that detects problems and solves them, maintains information up to date, and detects good and bad performance of a network.Referenceshttp//searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSMhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_radio_access_networkhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_networkhttp//www.gsma.com/aboutus/gsm-technology/roaminghttps//www.eff.org/files/filenode/global_system_for_mobile_communication_technology.pdfhttp//www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_overview.htmhttp//cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/gsm.htmhttp//www.academia.edu/3099956/Generations_of_Wireless_Communication._From_0G_to_5G_Abhihttp//www.technologyreview.com/hack/418552/build-your-own-cellular-network/

Theme of loneliness and rejection

Theme of loneliness and rejectionThe Consequences of Societys Rejection in Frankenstein by Marry ShelleyFrankenstein is Marry Shelleys masterpiece, written when she was scarcely 18 years old. The novel explores of theme of loneliness and rejection. The monster created by master copy Frankenstein is rejected by human society because of his appearance. Mary Shelley explores the feelings of creature totally do by and abused by the society. The novel became a reflection of the inner state of Mary Shelly. It reflects sufferings and looses of the author. As nones Anthony Badalamenti in his article wherefore did Mary Shelley Write Frankenstein She was also the product of her own past, suffering three successive losses in her early life that reveal why themes of being alone(predicate) and abandoned candidacy through the novel(Badalamenti, 431). All these sad events and constant feeling of loneliness helped Mary to create a very deep and powerful character.Victor does non think abou t possible results of his experiments. He does not think what will happen when he in the end succeeds and created a living creature. He is severely penalise by his attitude when the creature created by him turns to monster. The author illustrates that the guilt for murders can not be put only on Frankensteins creation. Society and social norms finally result in feeling of loneliness and estrangement. The monster complains that his maker and mankind are moving his nature from goodness and benevolence to wrath and violence. He strains the union of men and is rejected with horror, fear and abuse (Badalamenti, 432).Victor Frankenstein is driven by his ambition when he creates his monster. He does not think about the consequences but rather makes experiments One of the phenomena which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the human frame, and, indeed, any animal endued with life (Shelley, 46). Victor does not think about the feelings of the creature he produces. He is concerned only with scientific tools which give him control and power. Frankenstein so beautifully explores the consequences of living and working in isolation. After cloistering himself to bring dead flesh to life, Victor Frankenstein condemns his creature to loneliness. The creature does the same to him in revenge. Solitude makes monsters of both (Thomas). Victor creates a monster but he doest not understand true moment of his actions.Loneliness and alienation is one of the main themes of the novel. It is notable that all main characters of the novel experience feelings of loneliness and alienation. The colossus, Victor and Walton experience these feelings. Victor Frankenstein, does not control good dealings with his family. He does not keep in touch with his father and sister despite they really want to have good relations with him. The author describes in great detail good relations in Victors family and their desire to keep in touch with Victor. Despite this fact Vic tor does not make any attempt to support any relations with his family. He dedicates all time and effort to science but it does not bring him luxuriant moral satisfaction. Victor can not take note the way out for his negative feelings and uses since and experiment as a way to entertain himself and to get loose of loneliness. The author uses the old theme of Faust when the search for technical progress and scientific advances results in the loss of humanity. Victor does not possess feeling of passion and compassion. The Monster notes for several times that he wants to find these feelings in his condition but constantly fails. He compares himself to other people who deserve love and understanding of God, who created them, and states that his creator has abandoned him Sometimes I allowed my thoughts, unchecked by reason, to ramble in the fields of Paradise, and dared to fancy amiable and lovely creatures sympathizing with my feelings and cheering my gloom their angelic countenance s disenfranchised smiles of consolation. But it was all a dream no Eve soothed my sorrows nor shared my thoughts I was alone. I remembered Adams supplication to his Creator. But where was mine? He had abandoned me, andin the tartness of my heart I cursed him. (Shelley, 111) Sad irony that the monster is not deprived of human feelings in contrast to his creator. The monster feels loneliness and alienation. It seeks for understanding and love but can not find a living creature which would share its feelings.Physical appearance becomes the main barrier for the creature. It does not allow it to pee-pee normal relations in the society. People do not make any attempts to find out about the inner world of the Monster subsequently they saw how it looks. The creature readers works by Goethe and Milton and feels even more lonely and frustrated. The more it finds out about the world around, the more it hates it. Cursed, cursed creator why did I live? Why, in that instant, did I not extingu ish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed? I know not despair had not yet taken possession of me my feelings were those of rage and revenge. I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitantsand have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery. (Shelley, 98). Feeling of alienation and loneliness only grows with the flow of time. Victor, the creator, turns off from the thing he has created He doest not want to take response for his actions and he rejects the thought that the creature may feel pang and other negative emotions same like other people do. Victor can not come in terms with his emotional side. He dies alone and looses all his dear people.The theme of social rejection is one of the main themes of the novel. The author shows the consequences of social opinion. The creature created by Victor turns to monster because it can not find understanding and compassion in the society. People do not give the creature any chances only because it l ooks terrible to them. In her novel, Mary made an attempt to express her own frustration and to turn attention of people to the theme of social deprivation and rejection. She was recording instead her reflections and feelingsher grief, her loneliness, her thoughts of the future, her wish to die (Nitchie, 49). Mary knows what she compile about since she had to pass many personal hardships and looses. She wants her readers to understand the feelings of creature which knows no compassion or understanding. The monster was created by Victor only physically. In candor it was crated by the society. Indifferent attitude and disgust finally resulted in the birth of real monster which threatens its creator and society.Works CitedShelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus. New York Doubleday, 1999.Badalamenti F. Anthony, Why did Mary Shelley Write Frankenstein? Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 45, none 3 (Fall, 2006), pp. 419-439, http//www.jstor.org/stable/in fo/27512949?seq=1type=refVincent, Patrick, Mary Shelleys Fictions From Frankenstein to Falkner. Studies in Romanticism, 01-01-2003 http//elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=searchdictionaryClick=secondaryNav=groupid=1requestid=lib_standardresultid=17edition=ts=17C3927A2C2AC8AB18B9C85D443AD211_1272266531597start=1publicationId=urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B92045209Thomas, Louisa, Their delight Is Alive, Newsweek, 09-14-2009 http//elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=searchdictionaryClick=secondaryNav=groupid=1requestid=lib_standardresultid=3edition=ts=17C3927A2C2AC8AB18B9C85D443AD211_1272266531597start=1publicationId=urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B170737047Nitchie, Elizabeth, Mary Shelley Author of Frankenstein Greenwood Press, 1970. http//www.questiaschool.com/read/3455777?title=Mary%20Shelley%3a%20Author%20of%20%22Frankenstein%22Frankenstein Creation as Catastrophe Paul Sherwin PMLA, Vol. 96, No. 5 (Oct., 1981), pp. 883-903 http//www.jstor.org/stable/462130? search=yesterm=Frankensteinlist=hidesearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DFrankenstein%26wc%3Don%26dc%3DAll%2BDisciplinesitem=6ttl=8505returnArticleService=showArticleMary Shelley, Frankenstein, and the Spectacle of Masculinity Bette London PMLA, Vol. 108, No. 2 (Mar., 1993), pp. 253-267 Published by Modern Language Association http//www.jstor.org/stable/462596?Search=yesterm=Frankensteinlist=hidesearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DFrankenstein%26wc%3Don%26dc%3DAll%2BDisciplinesitem=9ttl=8505returnArticleService=showArticle

Eastern Thought in the Works of Kerouac and Ginsberg Essay -- Biograph

Eastern Thought in the Works of Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg In the late 1950s and passim the 1960s, a fascination with Eastern imagination developed, concentrating on venereal infection Buddhism and Daoism. This attraction can be explained in part by the complete strangeness of these plan forms to Western ideals. Buddhisms denial of reality and Daoisms wu-wei or flowing with life were revolutionary ideas to the people of the late 50s who had been brought up with consumerism, patriotism, Christianity, and suburbia. As people began rebelling from this cookie-cutter society, Eastern thought became a tool for the revolution, denying previously indubitable truths such as reality, attachment and God. This polar opposite vox populi-system, though it worked well as a slap in the face for conservative America, had difficulty being accepted in its purest totality. Many aspects were too strict, too foreign and even too conservative to fit right with the atmosphere of revolution and freedom. Thus began the process of domestication. In order for these belief-systems to be embraced by the revolutionaries, a sort of depurification had to take place. Writers like Kerouac and Ginsberg combined Zen Buddhism, Daoism, and forms of Tibetan mysticism with parts of Western religions to create a medley of traditions much more liberal in practice than any of its component belief systems. This corruption of Eastern thought began with the inclusion of sex, drugs and even facets of Christianity and other paths of Western thought to produce a hybrid of spirituality, and ended as an accepted mode of belief among the revolutionaries in a way the purest forms of these religions never could have. Jack Kerouac in his book, The Dharma Bums, and Allen... ...beliefs with their own, or tracing the traditions to their purest roots and taking the religion from there. It was a long road, scarce the sincerity of the Dharma Bums and the other poets and writers of the 1960s left a legacy o f religious freedom, breaking out of the barriers of middle-American Christianity and setting out for the new frontier. Kerouac muses over this in The Dharma Bums, Yes, Coughlin, its a twinkling now-ness and weve done it, carried America like a shining blanket into that brighter nowhere Already (138). Works Cited Allen, Donald ed. The New American Poetry 1945-1960. Berkeley U of CA, 1999. Ginsberg, Allen. Kaddish. Allen, pp. 194-201 Ginsberg, Allen. Sunflower Sutra. Allen, pp. 179-180. Ginsberg, Allen. A Supermarket in California. Allen pp. 181-182. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York Penguin, 1986.

Enochian Scripture :: essays research papers

Enochian Scripture     Should Enochian Scripture and the Necronomicon be considered as a truereligion, or hardly another offshoot of Satanism, cult?     The Necronomicon is closest documented translation of the originalEnochian scripture, the Necronomicon Manuscript. The Necronomicon was firsttranslated in Damascus in 730 A.D. by Abdul Alhazred.     The Necronomicon, is not, as popularly believed, a grimoire, orsorcerors spell- entertain it was conceived as a history, and so "a book of thingsnow dead and gone". An alternative derivation of the word Necronomicon gives asits meaning "the book of the customs of the dead", but again this is consistentwith the books original conception as a history, not as a work of necromancy.But the generator shared with Madame Blavatsky, who has a magpie-like tendency togather and stitch together fact, rumor, speculation, and complete balderdash,and the result is a vast and almost unreadable array of near-nonsense whichbears more than a superficial resemblance to Blavatskys "Secret Doctrine".In times past the book has been referred to as "Al Azif", or "The Book of theArab". Azif is a word the Arabs hold to refer to nocturnal insects, but it isalso a reference to the howling of demons. It was written in seven volumes, andis over 900 pages long in the Latin edition. Abdul Alhazred      lower-ranking is known about Abdul Alhazred. What we do know about him islargely from the small amount of biographical information in the Necronomiconitself. He traveled widely, from Alexandria to the Punjab, and was intumesceeducated. He had a flair for languages, and boasts on many occasions of hisability to read and translate manuscripts which many lesser scholars could nottranslate.     Just as Nostradamus used ritual magic to see into the future, soAlhazred used similar techniques (and an incense compo sed of olibanum, storax,dictamnus, opium and hashish) to clarify the past, and it is this, combined witha lack of references, which resulted in the Necronomicon being dismissed aslargely worthless by historians.     He is often referred to as "the mad Arab", and while he was certainlyeccentric by modern standards, there is no evidence to support a claim ofmadness. He is better compared with figures such as the Greek philosopherProclus (410-485 A.D.), who was completely at home in astronomy, mathematics,philosophy, and metaphysics, but was well educated in the magical techniques oftheurgy to evoke Hekate to visible appearance he was also a founder of Egyptianand Chaldean mystery religions. It is no apoplexy that Alhazred was veryfamiliar with the works of Proclus. What is The Necronomicon?     Alhazred appears to have had access to many sources now lost, and events